Kush, Meroe, and Nubia

Archeologists defy confirmed the inhabitation of the Nile above Aswan in the Paleolithic period that lasted to a greater extent that 60,000 years of the Sudanese history. By the 8th millennium BC, during the Neolithic era, flock had settled in the brick houses and their economic life was characterized by fishing, hunting on river Nile, cattle herding and grain gathering. The skeletal remains give an evidence of unify mingled with the Mediterranean people and the Negroid during the Neolithic period that has existed until today.The Yankee Sudan dodderyest history evidence originates from the Egyptian sources that described the land upstream beginning from the first cataract as wretched or Cush. For 2000 year and more in the time of old Kingdom, the economic, political and social life of the central Nile arena was influenced by the Egyptians, even as the political power of the Egyptian waned in the Cushite, the Egyptians still had a substantial influence in the Cushite way of l ife.For some centuries, the Egyptian caravan exchanged grain for ivory, carnelian, hide and incense with Cushite. Slaves and halcyon were highly valued by the Egyptian traders. The Egyptian penetrated the Cush in the ticker acres afterwards construction of fort at Sammah to guard the grand flow from Wawat mines.Asian nomads that were referred to as Hyksos invaded Egypt destroying many links to the Cush in close to 1720 BC. During the govern of Pharaoh Ahmose 1, Egypt revived its political power during the New Kingdom around 1110BC and took the Cush as one of its provinces however there were Egyptian tributary districts as removed as blue and white Nile and red sea. After gaining full defend over the Cush, the Cush adapted e real way of life and temples became their center of holiness up to the sixth century after the overture of Christianity.By the eleventh century, the new kingdom had collapsed, got divided and Cush emerged again as an independent kingdom that was gover ned from Napata. The Cush Kingdom conquered and ruled Egypt between 750 and 740 BC after which Egypt was re-united. Confrontation between the Assyrians and the Egyptians in 688-663BC resulted to Cush Pharaoh retaliating returning to dynasty in Napata where he originally ruled from previous to the unification of Egypt. In 590 BC, the Cush court was compelled to move to Meroe, a safer place than Napata due to the Egypt attack as it tried to regain its control over Cush again. Meroe developed for several centuries independent of Egypt and extended its dynasty to the present day Khartoum from the 3rd cataract located at Sawba.The pharaoh traditions still persisted in Meroe, a well managed irrigation governance sustained the huge growing nation at Meroe. By the initiatory century BC, there was development of the Meroitic script that was similar to the indigenous Egyptian script. The succession system at Meroe was not necessarily hereditary and circus tent was passed from brother to sister or to brother and selection of the queen was very crucial to smooth succession. The Cush fell after it was invade by the vulturine Blemmyes who were nomads but Meroe continued to be with contact with the Indians and Arabs.By the 2nd century, the Nobatae occupied the pairing of Cush at West Bank, this was subsidized by the Romans as a caramel brown between the Blemmyes and then the Axum in the 5th century, now the current Ethiopia that baffle and demolished the city of Meroe ad there from Meroe kingdom ceased. In the 6th century, three states that were descendants of Meroe Kingdom emerged these were Nobatia, Muqurra and Alwa.These kingdoms used Greek titles to rule the Meroetic population in imitation of the Byzantine Court. Missionaries started to preach in Nobatia in 540 AD and the Nubian kings were converted to Monophysite Christianity that was being practiced in Egypt, many bishops and sacred leaders were consecrated in Egypt. The Mediterranean civilization was rekin dled by the coming of Christianity.The use of Greek in liturgy led to development of the Nubian nomenclature that combined both the Coptic and old meroitic scripts. The Nubian kingdoms survived many centuries but with the reaching of Arabs in 640 and subsequent conquering of Egypt posed a threat to these Christian kingdoms. Historians believe that the Muqurra and Nobatia kingdoms were forced to merge by the Arabs to form the Dunqula kingdom around 700 this resulted to isolation of the Nubian church since Egypt became dominated by the Muslims.The introduction and get around of Islam after Muhammads death lead to division between the south and nitrogen Sudan society. Islam encouraged economic growth, political stability and education development to its followers. Islam was spread to the east and north by the Arab armies who also attacked the Nubian territory in 642 and 652 thereby demolishing its cathedral.Though with continued arabization of the Nile valley, there were tension be tween the Arabs and Nubian territory and the resulted to a peace treaty which encouraged trade between the two diametral sides and other regions. This lead to emergence of two Arab speaking groups, the Juhayna and the Jaali. These groups aided in bringing down the Nubian territory.The Nubian territories remained independent up to the 13th century when they were overruled by the Muslims due expansion of Islam to the continuous intermarriages between them and Arabs which resulted to the dark age of Christianity as slavery intensified. This forced the Nubian communities to seek Arab protectors for fear of their security. The Islam was not part of the old Nubian territory until15th to 16th centuryREFERENCEKush, Meroe and Nubia, retrieved on 13th, October, 2007, available at www.shsu.edu/his_ncp/Sudan.html