Advantages of RTL, DTL and TTL Logic circuit

Advantages of RTL, DTL and TTL system of system of system of logic roachIntroduction of Logic renderA system of logical system portal performs a logical operation on one or more than logic stimulants and produces a mavin logic take. The logic normally performed is Boolean logic and is most habitually lay out in digital locomotes. Logic admissions argon primarily employ electronically using diodes or electronic transistors, but stool as well be constructed using electromagnetic relays, fluidics, optics, molecules, or even mechanical elements.In electronic logic, a logic direct is represented by a potential or current, (which depends on the type of electronic logic in use). for to individually one one logic gate requires role so that it can source and backslide currents to achieve the coif output voltage. In logic circuit diagrams the authority is not shown, but in a full electronic schematic, power connections ar required.Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL)R esistor-transistor logic gates use Transistors to combine tenfold input augurs, which also explode and invert the resulting combined signal. Often an additive transistor is included to re-invert the output signal. This combination provides clean output signals and all inversion or non-inversion as needed.RTL gates are more or less as simple as DL gates, and remain inexpensive. They also are expert because both normal and inverted signals are often available. However, they do discover a significant amount of current from the power supply for each gate. An opposite limitation is that RTL gates cannot switch at the high speeds employ by todays computers, although they are still useful in slower applications.Although they are not designed for analogueue operation, RTL co-ordinated circuits are roughtimes utilise as inexpensive small-signal amplifiers, or as interface thingumajigs in the midst of linear and digital circuits.RTL Logic CircuitResistor-transistor logic (RTL) is a class of digital circuits construct using resistors as the input network and bipolar critical point transistors (BJTs) as switching devices. RTL is the earliest class of transistorized digital logic circuit employ assorted classes include diode-transistor logic (DTL) and transistor-transistor logic (TTL).Advantages of RTL Logic circuitThe primary advantage of RTL engineering was that it involved a negligible weigh of transistors, which was an important consideration before integrated circuit technology (that is, in circuits using discrete sections), as transistors were the most expensive component to produce. Early IC logic production (such as Fairchilds in 1961) utilize the same approach briefly, but quickly transitioned to higher-performance circuits such as diode-transistor logic and then transistor-transistor logic (starting 1963 at Sylvania), since diodes and transistors were no more expensive than resistors in the IC.LimitationsThe obvious impairment of RTL is i ts high current dissipation when the transistor conducts to overuse the output prepossessing resistor. This requires that more current be supplied to and heat be distant from RTL circuits. In contrast, TTL circuits minimize both of these requirements.Lancaster says that integrated circuit RTL NOR gates (which flip one transistor per input) may be constructed with any reasonable number of logic inputs, and gives an example of an 8-input NOR gate.A specimen integrated circuit RTL NOR gate can drive up to 3 other similar gates. Alternatively, it has copious output to drive up to 2 standard integrated circuit RTL buffers, each of which can drive up to 25 other standard RTL NOR gates.Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL)By letting diodes perform the logical AND or OR manipulation and then amplifying the result with a transistor, we can avoid some of the limitations of RTL. DTL takes diode logic gates and adds a transistor to the output, in pose to provide logic inversion and to restore the signal to full logic levels.Diode-transistor logicDiode-Transistor Logic (DTL) is a class of digital circuits built from bipolar sum transistors (BJT), diodes and resistors it is the direct ancestor of transistor-transistor logic. It is called diode-transistor logic because the logic gating function (e.g., AND) is performed by a diode network and the amplifying function is performed by a transistor (contrast this with RTL and TTL).OperationWith the simplified circuit shown in the picture the negative bias voltage at the base is required to hold on unstable or invalid operation. In an integrated circuit version of the gate, two diodes tack R3 to prevent any base current when one or more inputs are at low logic level. Alternatively to increase fan-out of the gate an extra transistor and diode may be used. The IBM 1401 used DTL circuits almost identical to this simplified circuit, but solved the base bias level problem mentioned above by alternating NPN and PNP based gates operati ng(a) on unalike power supply voltages instead of adding extra diodes.Advantages of DTL 1 advantage of digital circuits when compared to analog circuits is that signals represented digitally can be patrimonial without degradation due to noise. For example, a continuous audio signal, transmitted as a sequence of 1s and 0s, can be reconstructed without error provided the noise picked up in transmission is not enough to prevent identification of the 1s and 0s. An hour of music can be stored on a compact disc as about 6 billion binary star digits.In a digital system, a more precise way of a signal can be obtained by using more binary digits to represent it. While this requires more digital circuits to emergence the signals, each digit is handled by the same kind of hardware. In an analog system, additional resolution requires fundamental improvements in the linearity and noise charactersitics of each tone of voice of the signal chain.Computer-controlled digital systems can be con trolled by bundle, allowing new functions to be added without ever-changing hardware. Often this can be done outside of the pulverisation by updating the products software. So, the products design errors can be corrected afterwards the product is in a customers hands.Information storage can be easier in digital systems than in analog ones. The noise-immunity of digital systems permits info to be stored and retrieved without degradation. In an analog system, noise from aging and wear degrade the teaching stored. In a digital system, as long as the conglomeration noise is below a certain level, the information can be recovered perfectly.DisadvantagesIn some cases, digital circuits use more free energy than analog circuits to accomplish the same tasks, thus producing more heat. In movable or powered systems this can limit use of digital systems.For example, battery-powered cellular telephones often use a low-power analog front-end to amplify and line of descent in the radio s ignals from the base station. However, a base station has grid power and can use power-hungry, but actually flexible software radios. Such base stations can be easily reprogrammed to process the signals used in new cellular standards.digital circuits are sometimes more expensive, especially in small quantities.The sensed gentlemans gentleman is analog, and signals from this world are analog quantities. For example, light, temperature, sound, electrical conductivity, electric and magnetic fields are analog. Most useful digital systems mustiness translate from continuous analog signals to discrete digital signals. This causes quantization errors. Quantization error can be reduced if the system stores enough digital data to represent the signal to the desired degree of fidelity. The Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem provides an important guideline as to how much(prenominal) digital data is needed to accurately portray a presumptuousness analog signal.In some systems, if a single p iece of digital data is lost or misinterpreted, the meaning of large blocks of related data can completely change. Because of the cliff effect, it can be difficult for users to reassure if a particular system is right on the edge of failure, or if it can tolerate much more noise before failing.Digital fragility can be reduced by designing a digital system for robustness. For example, a parity bit or other error management method can be inserted into the signal path. These schemes suspensor the system detect errors, and then either correct the errors, or at least ask for a new copy of the data. In a state-machine, the state transition logic can be designed to consume unused states and trigger a reset sequence or other error recovery routine.Embedded software designs that employ Immunity conscious(predicate) Programming, such as the practice of filling unused program retentivity with interrupt instructions that point to an error recovery routine. This helps guard against failures that botch up the microcontrollers instruction pointer which could otherwise cause random code to be executed. Digital memory and transmission systems can use techniques such as error detection and correction to use additional data to correct any errors in transmission and storage.On the other hand, some techniques used in digital systems make those systems more vulnerable to single-bit errors. These techniques are gratifying when the underlying bits are reliable enough that such errors are passing unlikely.TTL Logic CircuitTransistor-transistor logic (TTL) is a class of digital circuits built from bipolar junction transistors (BJT) and resistors. It is called transistor-transistor logic because both the logic gating function (e.g., AND) and the amplifying function are performed by transistors (contrast this with RTL and DTL).TTL is notable for being a widespread integrated circuit (IC) family used in many applications such as computers, industrial controls, test equipment and i nstrumentation, consumer electronics, synthesizers, and so forth The designation TTL is sometimes used to mean TTL-compatible logic levels, even when not associated directly with TTL integrated circuits, for example as a label on the inputs and outputs of electronic instruments.*TTL contrasts with the antedate resistor-transistor logic (RTL) and diode-transistor logic (DTL) generations by using transistors not only to amplify the output but also to isolate the inputs. The p-n junction of a diode has considerable capacitance, so changing the logic level of an input connected to a diode, as in DTL, requires considerable time and energy.As shown in the top schematic at right, the fundamental concept of TTL is to isolate the inputs by using a common-base connection, and amplify the function using a common emitter connection. Note that the base of the output transistor is driven high only by the forward-biased base-collector junction of the input transistor. The second schematic adds to this a totem-pole output. When V2 is off (output equals 1), the resistors turn V3 on and V4 off, resulting in a stronger 1 output. When V2 is on, it activates V4, driving 0 to the output. The diode forces the emitter of V3 to 0.7 V, while V4 base-emitter junction and V2 collector-emitter junction pull its base to a voltage 0.7, turning it off. By removing pull-up and pull-down resistors from the output stage, this allows the strength of the gate to be increased without proportionally affecting power consumption.TTL is particularly well suited to integrated circuits because the inputs of a gate may all be integrated into a single base region to form a multiple-emitter transistor. Such a super customized part might increase the cost of a circuit where each transistor is in a separate package, but, by combining some(prenominal) small on-chip components into one larger device, it conversely reduces the cost of implementation on an IC.As with all bipolar logic, a small current must b e drawn from a TTL input to ensure proper logic levels. The total current drawn must be within the capacities of the preceding stage, which limits the number of nodes that can be connected (the fanout).All standardized common TTL circuits operate with a 5-volt power supply. A TTL input signal is define as low when between 0V and 0.8V with respect to the ground terminal, and high when between 2.2V and 5V (precise logic levels vary slightly between sub-types). TTL outputs are typically restrict to narrower limits of between 0V and 0.4V for a low and between 2.6V and 5V for a high, providing 0.4V of noise immunity. standardisation of the TTL levels was so ubiquitous that complex circuit boards often contained TTL chips made by many different manufacturers selected for availability and cost, compatibility being assured two circuit board units off the same assembly line on different successive days or weeks might have a different mix of brands of chips in the same positions on the boa rd repair was workable with chips manufactured years (sometimes over a decade) later than original components. at heart usefully broad limits, logic gates could be treated as ideal Boolean devices without concern for electrical limitations.Advantages of TTL Logic circuitAdvantages of TTL logic family, one should have a basic idea about RTL, DTL etc. Diode logic (DL) uses diodes to implement logical functions like AND and OR. But the disadvantage is that it can not perform NOT operation. As AND and OR are not complete functions by themselves, they can not perform some(prenominal) logic functions without NOT. Hence, there was a need for some device which can perform a NOT function as diodes can not. That device is a transistor. Then came the DTL which uses a transistor along with diodes. As a transistor can act as an inverter, NAND (NOT-AND) NOR (NOT-OR) operations can be performed. But this logic uses several diodes which leave behind slow down its operation. payable to the del ay offered by them, the logic levels may sometimes change i. e. 0 t0 1 or 1 to 0. Then came TTL. This logic uses a multi emitter transistor, a transistor with many emitter terminals. As every emitter is nothing but a diode, this logic eliminates the use of all diodes. This is the major advantage.As transistor becomes ON and OFF much rapidly than a diode, switching time will be faster.TTL, or Transistor-transistor logic replaced resistor-transistor logic, and used much less power. The TTL family is very fast and reliable, and newer faster, less power-consuming, etc. types are always being developed.In TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic), think that the device using this technology is made from several transistors. another(prenominal) advantage is that many more chips employ thisREFRENCESwww.wikipidia.comwww.google.comwww.sparnotes.com

Urban Design for Community Development | Case Study

urban Design for connection Development instance StudyIntroductionUrban design is considered the practice of influencing and managing the urban environment. Its intention and potential for creating better models in presents with confederacy issues shall(a) be discussed with reference to Hulme, an knowledge base whizz mile s outh of Manchester city centre. During the late 80s Hulme fell into a state of inner city decay, it became a borderline argona infamous for evil, societal deprivation and poor housing. However, during the early 90s an ambitious urban conversion plan covering an demesne of 240 acres was created, the programme was entitled The Hulme urban center Challenge Initiative. This was managed by a joint venture company, Hulme Regeneration bound consisting of Manchester urban center Council and AMEC Plc over the years a host of other habitual, backstage and federation interests waste been involved.Hulme is an extreme case of an bea with club issues slightly of which remain unresolved. However, more than 12 years since the programmes launch and with over 250 unrivaled thousand million invested into numerous regeneration projects it admits a wealth of information for making wakeful points finishedout the essay. Hulmes novel qualities and past deficiencies exit enable genuine connections to be make with urban design theories sequence cotton uping possible measures iodine could consider when addressing scene of actions with alliance issues.How do community issues arise?When addressing community issues one of the first roles is to understand how the animate problems have arisen. A rigorous sincere analysis should be conducted so that previous errors are not tell because areas swept away in wholesale redevelopment are a good deal the very areas which today are failing and undergoing signifi rout outt change (CABE 2005, p.12). This occurred to Hulme during the 60s,.When divers(prenominal) social and ethnic underpriv ileged separates live together in marginal areas like Hulme they all generally have hold access to resources and rights bit various communal tensions bottom of the inning arise from sparse public piazzas. These limited public spaces experience pressures from various patterns of use from hoi polloi living in flats without gardens, to those who spend a long time outdoors, like the homeless, drug addicts, loitering teenagers with goose egg to do and migrants with nowhere to socialise. This causes friction and competition mingled with these mathematical groups who in curve intimidate others who want pass finished with(predicate) or use these areas. Those frighten usually withdraw themselves from these group dominated spaces they tend to be the elderly, alter and young children. Incidentally, the 1960s Hulme design discouraged permeableness through the public realm it neglected diversity of space and available institutions, which created defensible areas and isolation. Th ese past issues regard Hulme suffered from step forwardlessness (Jacobs Appleyard 1987), whereby people withdraw from community involvement to enjoy their own tete-a-tete and limited worlds (Jacobs Appleyard 1987, p.115).Neglect and decline of space is common in marginal areas, only if why is it we find litter ridden streets, vandalised outdoor furniture, tip haemorrhoid in parks, empty business units, areas of poor maintenance, and so forth. Some blessed net be directed towards the local anaesthetic anaesthetic authorities for the latter save in this case one will address neglect shown from local residents. When residents allow their environment to fall into a state of decline it highlights their lack of attachment to place. Alternatively, the concerned minority believe any attempts to champion the area will only be in vain. The lack of attachment with place can result from transient inhabitants who ruleing no responsibility in looking after or respecting short- barr ier, low-quality accommodation and surrounding public spaces. As an area declines over time so does the quality of life, it draws a smack of abandonment inwardly the community. For Hulme it became stigmatised with a negative perceptual image presented through dilapidated buildings and its depressing environment. This can have a knock on effect by deterring local businesses who fear no re rungs on their enthronisation and are sceptic about security. This not only degrades public areas through reduced street activity and social integration but it reduces self-policing, subjoins un purpose levels which fuels localise crime from the resulting low levels of social organisation (Wilson, 1997 p.21). Hulme managed to force those with any aspirations out of its area through defining itself as an estate via its rigid regularise of activities and housing tenure. Its unstable and declining local population not only attenuate community bonds but assisted the process of residualisation in Hulme and and so crime figures rose.Working with and resolving community issuesHaving scratched beyond the surface of some common community issues, one will discuss potential methods of approach suggested by urban design theorists. These will be cross referenced with several(prenominal) socially healing developments in Hulme.Selected PreservationFirstly one should undertake to understand the collective social meanings and values communities place on their existing physical environment via extensive consultation with residents. This allows one to distinguish the citation and uniqueness a specific place presents this may be through specific buildings, public spaces or landmarks. Calthorpe and Fulton state that conservation and restoration are practical undertakings that can besocially enriching (Calthorpe Fulton 2001, p.48). Therefore the urban interior decorator should seek to maintain these focal points weaving them into future development, indeed strengthening the communitie s urban identity. through preserving some familiar settings it provides a psychological comfort for long term residents specifically the elderly. One of the main and incidentally oldest buildings conserved during Hulmes regeneration was the congregational Church for Zion Institute, built in 1911. This iconic building was maintained and born-again in 1997 into a multi-arts facility for young people its mastery has helped provide creative opportunities for youngsters as well as delivering socially enriching communal events. It is these never-ending events and public performances that have beef upd and created group connections within Hulme. This hub for young people has tempted idol children off the street and assisted with the reduction in juvenile crime.Connecting People to PlacesAt a macro home plate communities suffering from a sniff out of entrapment and abandonment can be helped through emergenced permeability and connections to the city. One of the first major actions i n Hulme was the re-instatement of Stratford itinerary which provided a resilient link to Manchester city centre this allowed the communities to feel interconnected with the wider context and then reduced their restriction to resources. Additionally, the completion of the landmark Mancunian Way pedestrian bridge in 2002 symbolically linked Hulme putting green with Knott Mill and the City shopping mall. It was significantly designed for pedestrians and cyclists to be able to cross the busy Mancunian Way, but how can designers encourage pedestrian and cyclist movement in an life-threatening environment?Incidentally, various design measures can be employed to increase public realm goodty while conjointly reducing the wedge of the car incidentally the car dominated Hulmes 60s design, ideally the more or less cardinal public places must be for pedestrians, for no public life can take place between people in automobiles (Jacobs Appleyard 1987, p.119). state-supported and no npublic space should be clearly defined (Jacobs 1961).A variety of well-lit routes that pedestrians or cyclists can choose should any problems arise.Routes should not be isolated they should be self-policed with sufficient eyes on the street through shops and housing which increase a intellect of safety (Jacobs 1961).Street layout should be clear to inform the distance from A to B.The grain of the street should release thin terminal to nodes of activity to enchant permeability of the space.At a localised scale increasing social integration amongst a diverse community is difficult. scheming physical space has its limitations when trying to inform where and what types of social interaction will occur. What can be provided to communities are areas that encourage chance encounters which in turn may create group formations. There are generally dickens types of group formations, formal and communal. From an urban design perspective the former group type can be encouraged more beca use they have a prescribed purpose with defined patterns. It is the communal groups which have to larn themselves, as yet design can allow social patterns to be easily recognize via unrestricted access to activities within public spaces. It is through repeated activities much(prenominal) as markets that friendships can be made over time between existing and new residents. Furthermore, areas designated for specific activities, for instance sports can support group relations. Observing other people and their activities, like watching a local football match, can make others, such as new residents feel a temporal sense of belonging without actually participating in the activity themselves (Carr et al. 1992). This reinforces the argument that public spaces must be accessible to all groups to enable observation as well as verbal interaction.Hulme Park is a prime example of how a public space can have a decreed impact on a community. It not only brings people together but improves the ir quality of life and projects a confident image of the area. The respective brief was to deliver a safe and appealing park to attract a variety of groups. Psychological barriers kinda than physical installations were employed to create a public but see park. Firstly its width never exceeds 70 metres, this allows users to recognise one another(prenominal) and subconsciously not feel anonymous within the space. Secondly the new surrounding houses provide natural surveillance, also an existing road and gross profit margin parking increase nearby activity which creates a sense of security.Community Engagement IdentityWhen a neighborhood neglects their own environment it is chief(prenominal) as a designer to try and restore a sense of pride and public ownership of the suffering area through community engagement. Building a rapport with residents from the offset can be expedient during the development process and local input can positivistly influence design decisions. User part icipation in the design process and direction of space provides communities with a feeling of control over their own neighbourhood (Carr et al. 1992) this can increase their attachment to place resulting in a revive interest in their surrounding environment. Providing opportunities for personalisation of space can also reinforce this goal. The development of Hulme Park involved a series of meetings with residents from the area so its design could appeal to its potential users. Due to diverse requests from a pose of age-groups, the designers, Landscape Projects went with a popular theme which arose during the consultation process smooth and surfing. The design theme reflected the communities interest and stamped their identity and involvement on the project. This generated a high level of respect for the space and has resulted in minimal malicious mischief of the park.Additionally, accurate decisions can be made by working with the community when determining suitable functions f or a space. It is the function or activity within a space that can become meaningful to individuals, groups and communities. One can create meaningful space based upon understanding the residents lives and patterns of use (Carr et al. 1992). Public space incorporating various functions can be designed by categorising website characteristics and linking them to desired activity settings suggested by the community. The facilities within Hulme Park were strategically regain in order to gain maximum social integration. For instance, the sports area was specifically located next to the existing Proctors Youth Centre so coaches could domesticate and observe the whole team. Local requests for a skate park were integrated into the design too, thus increasing its diversity and user appeal. red-hot developments of all time ignite some form of opposition, usually from long-term residents as the sight of change unsettles them. Generally they are in search of assurance that their community an d the environment in which they live have a future and most importantly that they are part of that future. Territoriality can be a raw(a) issue when community groups develop strong feelings about their rights to have a space developed this can create tension between the designer and can instigate neighbourhood disputes as a result of a groups claim over a space. From an urban design perspective doubtful boundaries are the typical cause of such disputes, therefore delineating spaces that are collectively owned can minimise conflict while strengthening a sense of public ownership.Physical installations can help unify communities and restore a sense of identity public art can portray shared social values of a neighbourhood while iconic landmarks can make a positive statement of change, which helps revitalise an area through nullifying previous stigmatisations. This has been achieved in Hulme with Wilkinson Eyres striking Arch Bridge, its identify kettle of fish (a major route from the City Centre to the main motorway network) helps highlight and reinforce the positive transformations occurring within Hulme. It is one of many new landmarks which have attracted more people and businesses to the area, thus building a stronger community which contributes to more eyes on the street and increased local employment results in lower crime levels.Diversity FlexibilityAccording to Calthorpe and Fulton (2001), diversity is one of their fundamental elements for improving communities. Providing a range of local activities within close proximity enables community identity resulting in a strengthened urban quality. New diverse buildings should be visually interesting if people are to enjoy experiencing their environment, if a citys streets look interesting, the city looks interesting. (Jacobs 1961, p.27). Fig 2 displays how Hulme has become a more attractive place to live with its dramatic variegation of housing stock and its replacement of the notorious Hulme Crescent wit h modern housing. Additionally, Carr et al. (1992) state how nature not only adds diversity to an area but develops bonds between people and places. The best public spaces are the most flexible ones (Madanipour 2004, p.285), hence why spaces deliberately left undefined in Hulme allowed new uses to evolve over time. Through not overdesigning a place it enables users to adapt space to their needs. Incidentally, the Hulme horticultural society was officially revived through local pliant space it also reinforces the fact that nature can bring disparate individuals and groups with various interests together.ConclusionTo summarise, the Hulme case study has demonstrated how quality urban design has the potential to resolve community issues and make a place better. Despite some remaining troubles in Hulme one was keen to concentrate on upon the positive urban design elements which healed many of its community problems. The social benefits realised in the development and revival of Hulme i s summarised under the following key urban design elementsPreservation maintaining key buildings like the Zion Art Centre have sustained the historic identity of Hulme which comforts long-term residents, while those regenerated have created nodes of social integration.Permeability Accessibility connectivity with the wider environment of Manchester has removed the sense of entrapment and abandonment within Hulme.Communal institutions Public Space the revival of Stratford Road as a shopping destination and the success of Hulme park are examples of how Hulmes urban environment has been activated, with increased social activity and group formations. precaution on the streets through logical street design, increased facilities and communal opportunities the greater number of eyes on the street have made the area safer.Neighbourhood involvement through community consultation during developments, residents now feel a sense of ownership, well-being and respect for their environment this h as helped reduce malicious mischief in the area.Landmarks Hulme Arch bridge has helped promote Hulme in a positive light which has resulted in an increase in residents and local businesses resulting in its stronger community spirit and reduced crime rates due to local employment opportunities.Diversity Flexibility the diversity of housing and public space has made the area a more attractive place to live thus increasing the communities quality of life. Flexible space has provided the opportunity for further positive developments when community interests and desires change.What is apparent is that all the above are interwoven and travel one another in some way therefore they must be purposefully combined to support one another. It is also self-explanatory that environmental and economic factors have an underlying effect on the success of such design elements. However, one should strive for a complementary economic, environmental and social strategy to maximise community benefits. BibliographyCarr, S. et al., 1992. Public Space. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Calthorpe, P. Fulton, W., 2001. The Regional City Planning for the end of sprawl. London Island Press.Jacobs, J., 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities The Failure of Town Planning. New York Vintage Books.Wilson, W.J., 1997. When Work Disappears The World of the New Urban Poor. New York Vintage Books.Jacobs, A. Appleyard, D., 1987. Toward an Urban Design manifesto. Journal of the American Planning Association, 53, pp.112-120.Madanipour, A., 2004. Marginal Public Spaces in European Cities. Journal of Urban Design, 9 (3), pp.267-286.CABE, 2005. Creating Successful Neighbourhoods Lessons and Actions for Housing Market Renewal. London CABE.

Stakeholder Management And Its Contribution To Project Success Construction Essay

Stakeholder Management And Its character To find Success Construction Essay sick steering is an evolving check which is relatively new in both charge and faculty members hence cognition is drawn from other disciplines to still advance both theory and practice in managing aims. Consequently this enquiry impart draw from different academic disciplines for its theory and the verbal expression industry for its practice.To this abolishing a watch could be expound as a strategy utilize by organizations to win its strategic goal, the strategy could be suggested to have a pouch and an end date (Turner cc9 p.20 Holton 2002 p.10-2). It could also be suggested that the word organisation in the preceding(prenominal) definition by Turner 2009 could be c totallyight-emitting diode the meet stakeholder. Olanda and Landin (2005 p.321) be stand stakeholders as agroup of people who have a vested affair in the mastery of a toil and the environment in spite of appearance which the work out operatesThis enquiry is focused on investigating the impact of stakeholder caution and its division to bear victor in the construction industry. It could be suggested that the use of PMIs lifetime cycle human bodys be adopted for the entire project plan as seen in figure 1 below. mannikin - realize LifecycleThe project initiation phase of this report will allow proposing a project interrogation takings, charge a project executive program or project sponsor and proposing a look into plan. While the project planning phase will include reviewing of the available project materials and the execution phase will involve penning up the literature review and project methodology. Handover and closeout will involve submitting the last report to supervisor and award of Msc degree in fancy Management. Lessons learnt could be suggested to be the feedback and experience gained in during the research.1.2 puke ContextProject Context could be suggested to be the setting in which a project is carried out (ApmBok 2009). In intercourse to the above commentary, the aim of this research is in agreement with the above suggestion (Achterkamp and Vis 2008 pg 749).1.3 Project rationale1.3.1 Academic RationaleThe academic research into project stakeholders has been attractive and extensive to researchers and professionals. Evidence shows that the construction industry accounts directly for 10% GDP growth in the UK (Cridland and Wates 2009 p.5),this goes to let off the need to investigate the impact of stakeholder management and its contribution to project success in the construction industry and also fulfil the academic necessity of the award of Masters Degree.1.3.2 Business RationaleThe economic implications for any organisation if projects fail will be devastating considering the above report by Wates and Cridland (2009 p5), this report shows that the construction industry account for 10% GDP growth. Project failure of any kind in the current economic humour will salute the organization its finance and jobs e.g. BP deep horizon in the US Gulf Coast where the collapse of a well led to fatalities which in-turn increased BPs financial burden.1.3.3 Personal RationaleIt could be suggested that as a project management professional, embarking on this research will financial aid one better understand the principles of stakeholder management. The knowledge gained from this research will mop up any unanswered questions at the end of this research.1.4 Aim and ObjectivesThis research is aimed atInvestigating the impact of stakeholder management and its contribution to project success in the construction industryObjectivesTo explore the principles of stakeholder management and project success.To assess the benefits and challenges of stakeholder management.To correlated a relationship in the midst of stakeholder management and project success.To propose a strategy for measuring the impact of stakeholder management thereby assessing its i mpact on project success.To make recommendations for improved stakeholder management practices.1.4.2 Project Scope agree to Burke (2003 p. 104) project scope identifies when a project has been successfully immaculate at heart specified requirement. The scope for this project will involve activities such(prenominal) as writing the literature review, research methodology and drawing on the findings of the above mentioned activities to come up with a conclusion and recommendation. The scope of this research excludes the execution of the primary research.1.4.3 Project DeliverablesProject deliverables for this research is suggested to be the subject of the report at every stage of the lifecycle (ApmBok 2009 p.135). The deliverables as shown in instrument panel 1 ar generalised and subject to being revised at the end of this report. dining table Project deliverablesDeliverablesDescriptionProject Research pictureIntroduction/ BackgroundProject Context and Project RationaleProject De finitionProject ApproachResearch Project Schedule imaging RequirementsEthical contemplationsLiterature ReviewResearch of theory and practice within the construction industryProject Approach or MethodologyIt involves the description of the process in the collection and evaluation of info that will be used to achieve the overall aim and objectives of this report.Project ProposalThis involves outlining a research proposal from the finding and the analysis done in the project approach section.Conclusion and RecommendationThis section involves the final summation of all the data used and presenting recommendation(s) where necessary.1.4.4 Assumption, Constraints and ConsiderationsAssumptionsThe project will be delivered on time, choice and within budget.The literature / materials needed to complete the project will be readily available.That the project aim and objectives will be met at the end of the project.ConstraintsThe time required by the sponsor to complete the report.Combining deuce-ace live projects at the same period. i.e. CPD, Group placement and dissertation.ConsiderationsThat the report will inspire its readers to proceed towards a primary research.That there will be more research into the impact of project stakeholders and its contribution to project success within the construction industry.1.5 Initial Literature Review1.5.1 Stakeholder ManagementProject stakeholders have been widely discussed in various project management literatures. Fewings (2005 p.34) draw project stakeholders as people that their sp be-time activity could affect the outcome of the project while Olanda and Landin (2005 p.321) agues that although project stakeholders are group of people with different interest in a particular project, they are also interested in a successful outcome no matter the level of interest. Since this research will be focusing on stakeholder management, McElroy and Mills (2007 p.270) suggested that stakeholder management deals with the relationships be tween stakeholders within projects. This relationship must be developed and structured so as to achieve a successful outcome. McElroy and Mills (2007 p.270) description of stakeholder management is convincing because different bodies of knowledge are yet to agree on a particular description for stakeholder management.Fewings (2005) and Olanda Landin (2005) perspectives on project stakeholders in relation to stakeholder management is valid in that all agreed that stakeholders are do up of more than one individual, so managing this relationship as described by McElroy and Mills (2007 p.270) will determine if a project is a success or a failure .1.5.2 Project SuccessYu et al. (2005) suggested that aProjectis a success if its created product adds value to the invitee, considering the cost to the client at the point of acceptanceWhile there is no explicit definition to what project success is or what will be the outstrip way to define success, this report would look into critical su ccess criteria used in the construction industry to determine when a project is successful. The ApmBok (2009) defined project success asthe satisfaction of stakeholder needs measured by the success criteria as identified and agreed at the start of the project1.6 Project Research ApproachIn this section it could be suggested that a proposed research approach be developed, this approach would be aligned with the project aim and objectives.To achieve the above this report has identified two methods or type of research, this are the Primary and Secondary research.A primary research entails the collection of new data or expansion of existing theories in project management body of knowledge. This could be achieved by using the followers methods the use of questionnaires, sampling and survey.Data for this research would be collected though documentary research. This involves analysing various literatures relating to the research given that this research is a vicarious research, a qualita tive method will be employed.1.6.1 Ethical ConsiderationSekaran (2000, p17) defined ethics asa code of conduct or expected societal norm of behaviour while conducting a research or project .Below in table 2 are the ethical considerations used to compile this research.Table -Ethical ConsiderationThis research was carefully structured to obviate any misrepresentation or distortion of data collected.All info used for this research was adequately referenced to avoid plagiarism.This report was written with due respect for the subject and authorsAll teaching used for this report is in line with universities academic guidelines.Sekaran ( 2000, p.261)1.7 Project cookery / Report ScheduleBurke (2003, p.94) defined project schedule asa process required to ensure that various elements of the project are properly managed and controlledThe project schedule will be used to deal out expected start date and expected finish date. The schedule is in a Gantt chart, this could be suggested to be in agreement with (Burke 2003) definition. See auxiliary 1 for more details.1.8 Project Resource Requirements and budgetThe resources required for a successful completion of this project is listed in Table 2 and the cost estimate that would apply to both primary and secondary research is in Table 3Figure -Resources RequirementHuman ResourcesDescriptionHours investigatorResearcher would carry out a secondary research and put in a primary research plan to be used to further analyse the project aim600Academic supervisorThe academic supervisor would give guidance, review and monitor project to ascertain if the project is within scope.60Project sponsorThe project sponsor and management would be need during an actual primary research.100Table Project BudgetActivityBudgetSourceCost for Researcher and supervisor3000RGU and grassPrinting of dissertation and buying of CD drives ( hard and soft copies)200Researcher and Sponsor (in the case of a primary Research)Transport is subject on the location of the organisation and RGU libraryNot Determined at presentResearcher and Sponsor1.8.1 Risk MatrixRisk management is a bring out area in APM and PMI bodies of knowledge projects are oftentimes associated with one form of hazard or another (Raz Michael 2000), controlling this risk is an important task for any researcher. To this end, this report will take a proactive role in controlling risks associated to this project by exploitation a risk plan which can be seen in Table 4Table Risk MatrixRISKProbability tingeRatingMitigating MeasureNew RatingDifficulty in accessing data for literature review3515An early start would be suggested, so as to either change research topic or source for resources5The aim of the research becomes to wide to underwrite3412Ensure research topic is ad hoc not too wide4Too many training248Start gathering and arranging information on time2Technological Difficulty3515Back up all files and attend classes on software training4Respondents for th e primary research are not co-operative2510Ascertain at an early stage the willingness of respondent5Delays leading up to dead line3515Early start ensures an early finish5The key describing the colour coding is in Appendix 21.9 Report LayoutFigure Report Layout

The Complexity of Memory: Literature Review

The Complexity of Memory Literature revueWynham GuillemotI.The first article that I decided summarize is labeled The proceeds Effect Costs and Benefits in Free Recall. The Research report was pen by Angela C. J unitarys of John Carroll University and Mary A. Pyc of Washington University in St. Louis. It is raise in the 2014 edition of the Journal of tasteal psychological science Learning, Memory, and Cognition.This look into was aimed at examining the cost and benefits of output, through use of free take paradigm. Paradigm is defined as a common example or pattern of doing something. Free come back is defined as the process in which participants shoot a careen of items, and then are prompted to abjure the items in any order. The takings consequence is the memorial benefit of holding loudly compa personnel casualty to enjoining motionlessly. Some studies contract shown the intersection issue as a simple keeping advance method. The production military force is a dditive to the benefits of generation and semantic processing, extends to a sdepression down retention interval, and has been demonstrated with non lyric, news show pairs, and sentences (Jones and Pyc 300). As we can see the production effect does accept trusted advantages, and does it actually augment the top executive of our memory? Is the effect receivable to increased memory for items lead aloud, or is it something else? Even though at the advent of this try statistical visitations had non been reported, Jones and Pyc hypothesized that the benefit of production was possibly sort of payable to a memory reduction for silent items, and thus the goal of their experiment was to prove this. What causes the production effect to alter memory top executive? Jones and Pyc decided it had to do with the office in which information is organized when read silently or aloud. The increases in perception accuracy for items read aloud whitethorn be the termination of item-specifi c gains associated with production, and the costs to silent items may be the result of minimal comparative encoding afforded by the typical production effect paradigm (Jones and Pyc 300).The authors intercommunicate this issue by splitting the study into twain experiments. The goal of Experiment 1 was to discover the benefits and costs underlying the production effect. therefore, the study include one miscellaneous inclination (silent and aloud items) and two handsome lists (one silent, one aloud). After this the participants completed a free cogitate last(a) test. The study included 48 undergraduate students from John Carroll University. First they underwent the encoding phase. The students were shown 30 items. Fifteen of the items were in blue font, and the other 15 were in red font. The spoken language were split into two different colorizes because it allowed for relational processing, which increases reject when added to items that naturally elicited item-specific p rocessing (the random non-associated says that the students were to memorize). They did this because, based on prior experiments, they were led to believe that, the increases in recognition accuracy for items read aloud may be the result of the item-specific gains associated with production, and the costs to silent items may be the result of minimal relational encoding afforded by the typical production effect paradigm (Jones and Pyc 300). 17 of the students were assigned to read discussions of one color aloud and the speech communication in the other color silently. This group was labeled the complicated group. 16 of the students read every(prenominal) word silently, while the re of importing 15 read all haggle aloud. These two groups were the pure groups. Thus, there were four variables in the experiment silent pure, silent mixed, aloud pure, and aloud mixed. The pure list was use to allow the experimenters to measure the costs and benefits of production. After the encoding phase the students were directed to type every word that they remembered from the phase.The results showed that there was no effect of list type, or basically that repudiate entropy was not influenced by mixed or pure list reading. Production showed greater echo from students who read aloud than those who read silently. The most notable and interesting result of the experiment was the interaction of list type and production. Production only played a benefit on the mixed list group. The most significant jump in information was betwixt the mixed silent group (around 8% recall), and the mixed aloud group (around 24% recall). All results considered, the experimenters concluded that the production effect for the mixed list group was most believably driven predominantly by the costs to silent items. Basically, the significant variation among silent-mixed and aloud-mixed groups was less due to the benefit of reading the mixed group aloud, and more so due to the negative cost of re ading the mixed group silently.The support experiment replicated the first experiment mostly, however there was one change. Now 30 five letter words were represented, half(prenominal) of which were gritty relative absolute frequency words (words that are more common in the english language), and the other half were low frequency words (words that are less common). They decided to do this because almost all previous experiments on the production effect used high frequency words, and therefore they wanted to see if the production effect extended to low-frequency words. 23 students read words from the mixed list, 23 of the students read from the pure silent list, and 23 read from the pure loud list.The recall percent for the high frequency words correlated very tight with the results from experiment 1, as predicted. The low frequency words had higher(prenominal) recall percents across the board for distributively division, and the rise in word recall for to each one category w as proportional to the trends in the higher frequency words. In other words, the relationship between the categories was the alike(p), with the difference being that each category was higher in word recall in low frequency than its high frequency counterpart.The general results of this experiment gives us good brainwave on the ability of memory. We demonstrated that the production effect is not solely the result of enhanced memory for items read aloud but instead results from a cost to memory for items read silently (Jones and Pyc 300). Both experiments reflected that the benefits of production were less than the costs of silent items. Thus, this experiment discredits the belief that the production effect is a memory tool, as memory is rather decreased by reading silent items, not increased by reading aloud.II.The second article I selected is titled Parametric Effects of Word oftenness in Memory for Mixed Frequency Lists. This research report was indite by Lynn J. Lohnas and Mic hael J. Kahana of the University of Pennsylvania. It was published on July 8, 2013, in the Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, and Cognition.An burning(prenominal) concept to consider, as the article is built around this concept, is word frequency paradox. As defined in the abstract of the article, word frequency paradox is the finding that low frequency words are collapse recognized than high frequency words yet high frequency words are wear recalled than low frequency words. However, based on prior experiments, this view is partially challenged, as the types of word that are recalled better can vary between high and low frequency. Thus an important question in the article is brought up. Why is item recognition consistently favorable towards low frequency words in mixed lists, but during superior recall of mixed lists there can be variations in which word frequency type is superior? Previous experiments showed instability in recall results. The authors believe t hat the instability is due to the substantial difference in the range of word frequencies between the high and low frequency groups. The main goal of this experiment was to quantify the functional relation between word frequency and memory performance across the broad range of frequencies typically used in episodic memory experiments. (Lohnas and Kahana 1).The authors address their questions concerning relations between high and low frequencies by conducting an experiment aimed at collecting data on twain recognition memory and free recall. For the free recall portion of the experiment, instead of just collecting data on results from high frequency words and low frequency words, the authors decided to use mixed frequency lists that included all the frequencies in between the high and low as well. 132 participants were used in the overall experiment. For each session of the experiment there were 16 lists of 16 words. One list containing sixteen words would be presented on a computer screen, one at a time. Each word would be accompanied by between 0 and 2 encoding tasks (these tasks included a size judgment and an animacy judgment. The turn of events of encoding tasks changes not by each photo, but by each list. Following each list was an immediate free recall test.The results showed that participants recalled higher proportions of both low and high frequency words than words of intercede frequency, forming a sort of U shape. This U shape held true for both items without an encoding task, and those with an encoding task. However, when no task was presented, the recall probability for each frequency was higher by about .05 to .08.At the end of the 16 lists presented in the session, participants would be presented with a recognition test. For half of the sessions (randomly selected) students would be effrontery a final cumulative free recall test, in between the recall test from the 16th list and the recognition test. During this free recall test participants were asked to recall all possible items from all the lists in the section. For the recognition test, 320 words were presented one at a time on a computer screen, and participants had to select which words had showed up in the lists, and which ones hadnt.The results from the recognition tests show us that with increasing word frequency, participants were more likely to incorrectly accept lures and less likely to correctly recognize targets. Thus the cut down the frequency, the more likely participants were to select them in recognition tests. When no encoding tasks were presented, participants were just a little more likely to have a higher hit rate in the recognition test.III.The final article that I decided to summarize is Learning to Remember by Learning to Speak. The article was written by Marc Ettlinger of the Veterans Affairs Northern calcium Health Care System, Jennifer Lanter of the University of WisconsinGreen Bay, and Craig K. Van Pay of the University of Houston. This art icle is found the 2014 edition of Developmental Psychology.The goal of this experiment was to test if a shavers memory can be impacted by language. many a(prenominal) psychological studies regarding language had been conducted before, however none had ever had directly attached memory and language, and thus these authors were interested in digging into this topic. The authors predicted that the churlrens ability to recall the plurality of different items depended on the phonology of the word, which is the sounds associated with a certain word. The authors saw it best to use three different categories of plural words. We alike considered the correlation coefficient between childrens ability to recall the plurality of sibilant-final words and their ability to articulate the plural for sibilant-final words, their recall and juncture of plosive-final words, and their recall and articulation of vowel-final words (Ettlinger 432).For the experiment the authors selected monolingual ch ildren that were ages 35 years old. In total there were 50 participants. Once they started to undergo the tests, children were show pictures of 36 objects, either shown as a singular object, or the same object four times. The child is later tested on 18 of the photos seen previous by moving the picture he or she saw into the middle, lower box in the center of a board. If it was one of the photos with four objects, and the child selected, it means that he or she most likely understands the phonology of the come across of the object selected. A certain production task, called the wug test was used to test their ability to produce the plural. In this test, the experimenter took a photo of a romance item that the child had not yet seen yet, and told him the name of the object, which was a nonce word. He then shows the child a photo of multiple units of the same object, and asks the child to tell him what it he or she is seeing in the photo, in a complete sentence. In the data collec ted, the researchers found an interesting correlation between plosive final words and sibilant final words. there was no connexion with vowel-final words. As stated in the article, This suggests that memory mirrors the growth of plural production, where children first develop mastery of the pluralization of vowel-final words but equable struggle with sibilant final words, with plosives somewhere in the middle (Ettlinger 436). As a result of their studies, these psychologists were able to accurately prove a connection between language and memory.

The Impact Of African Dance

The Impact Of Afri outhouse terpsichoreThis subject atomic number 18a aims at pointing aside 1 of the upcoming trip the light fantastic toes with its origin from Africa which is becoming very prevalent deep down its short time of invention. In an attempt to do this, this study depart be looking at Roland Barthes arguments on Semiology and Structuralism within the language system and its relation to groundbreaking spring. The specific objectives of this study be to determine the level of usuality of Azonto leap and its relating medication genre amongst social classer(a) nationals from opposite s a great deals of the world, to find out whether Azonto leaping has any effect on slews dancing manners, to find out the level of acceptance of Azonto leaping and medicine to people from different heathen and national backgrounds, and to identify the itinerary in which people understand the gestures and signs associated to this terpsichore.Dance in Africa is a holist ic part of society. It is non truncated or separated as an entity in and of it self. Dance is use to facilitate any phenomena in most Afri send packing societies (Welsh, 200414). The Afri batch saltation has a spile of variation in terms of the confused elaborations on the continent as well as the different tuneful and political campaign styles which goes along with them. Every bounce has its own style and movement which jobs the culture of a ill-tempered group or ethnic backdrop in way. Most of these moves argon very communicative and this resemblance is seeming(a) in a component of the dancing styles on the African continent. in that respect atomic number 18 countless move urinates that identify the numerous ethnic groups and cultural differences in styles of the funds coastian people (wikipaedia). African leaps ar abundantly participatory, with spectators macrocosm part of the performance. With the exception of almost spiritual, religious or initiation dances, there are tralatitiousisticly no barriers between dancers and onlookers. tear down ritual dances often produce a time when spectators participate (Welsh, 2004).gold coast has a lot of traditional dances very(prenominal)(p) the Adowa, Kpanlogo, Agbadza and Damba which are primarily performed as ceremonial dances. there have withal been other popular and more contemporary dances the likes of moon walk, slide, creep walk, etc in the past fewer years. Unlike the traditional dances whose motives are to tell a story or mouth some idea or emotion, most popular dances in Ghana are performed for fun as social interactions, especially among the youth. However, one token popular dance which seems to have defied the odds of modern dance in Ghana is the Azonto. This African dance form incorporates complex co-ordinates body movement and non-verbal colloquy in a tripping fashion in very few one-two timed steps. Just like most African dances, knee crease and hip movements ar e rudiments to dancing it. The dance pertains movements of the feet, knees, hands, and hips in one shotic fashions which can actually be coordinated in a style to communicate a message. Generally, the dance reflects the creativity, intelligence, and rich sense of humour of the Ghanese people.Background of StudyAccording to Welsh (2004), no dance form is permanent, definitive, or ultimate. Change occurs, but the basic rudiments of dance cadaver the same. Dance is for all people. One need only recall that dance needs neither common race nor common language for talk it has been a ecumenical means of conference forever.The dance, which is usually performed with an accompanying smile, evolved from the conspiracy of several(prenominal) local dance moves that originated from Ghana during the early 2000s. at that prat are different stories about the origins of Azonto and its subsequent popularity. One story about the Azonto dance has it that it started somewhere in Bukom, Chorkor and James Town (all organism suburbs in Accra) where it was first-class honours degree called Apaa (work for pay). It was a form of dance that represented movement activities like ironing, boxing, driving, slipstream etc. Another source of information has it that the term Azonto was first used by students of the Senior Secondary Schools to mean life (or the hardships of life abraabo) (ModernGhana.com). Features of the Kpanlogo dance, the traditional dance of the Gas, can also be seen in the Azonto. The same goes for the Gawu dance, an adoptive dance of the Ewe but originally from Togo. The dance has evolved with the riotous pace dance culture of modern West Africa.The dance was make popular by the Ghanaian football star, Asamoah Gyan in his goal scoring celebrations for his club and for the dark-skinned Stars (the senior national football team of Ghana), especially during the 2010 World form in South Africa (ibid).Currently, the dance is continuously evolving with complex danc e styles and movements. The in style(p) dance craze has perish so popular that it now dictates the rhythm of hip-life music (which is a contemporary genre of music in Ghana which fuses the traditional hi-life music with the modern hip-hop music). The commercialization of this dance has made Hip-life musicians include Azonto in their music lyrics and video clips. The dance is very popular among the youth and can be performed by anyone regardless of gender or ethnicity.With traditional dance facing serious threats of decline especially among the youth, Azonto represents a combination of modern and traditional elements. Azonto epitomizes Ghanas ingenuity and originality through the spirit of dance (World Press). It primarily embodies sociability and socializing.It was stated on ModernGhana.com that the dance is spreading fast in the USA, U.K and other parts of the world with large populations of Ghanaians. Even Prince Williams is utter to have deeply fallen in love with Azonto and h e dances it at any opportunity he gets (Source).Ghanas Azonto dance been rated as one of the pass away 10 African dances to have gained global stature either belatedly or, in the case of Soukous, in the last 40 years (MyWeku). The Azonto dance has threatened to eclipse the success of some of Ghanas famous exports like cocoa, gold and its exciting brand of football. The Azonto is comfort going strong, and was last seen on Londons Oxford passageway (ModernGhana.com).MethodologyA soft research approach is proposed for this study. Primary data would be used for the purpose of this study through interviewing which would be intentional in the light of the objectives of the study. This research allow be a qualitative research. Scholarly workings of other field of study that allow for be useful to this research will be used. Print and electronic workings such as bleakspapers, articles and journals will also be used. I also will adopt the use of a case study, although due to the constitution of the research, I will not be administering a questionnaire but would express conducting an interview, I will strictly base my arguments on past works and use real life examples to achieve my aim and purpose of the study.The archetype of the study covers African students currently studying in Cyprus International University. This hear of 20 students where 10 males and 10 females (50% male and 50% female) would be selected purposively from African students with different nationalities. Respondents opinion regarding the effect of African dance and the popularity of Azonto would be calm through the interaction and interviewing session.Dance and SemiologyMost of the students were identified as music and art lovers because they all stated their passion for the love and interest in such art. They had all come in contact with different forms of dance styles especially those from their communities and cultures. They stated a common characteristic of African dance being fu ll of energy, interesting, communicative and full of life. Some also thought of African dance as a way of identifying a position culture. Some students also saw some of the indigenous African dance as being passionate and addictive especially with the tunes that went along with them. They believed dance in general is never full without the presence of a form of music to go along with it, thus, they go side-by-side.We can relate dance as a language from the perspective of Roland Barthes who describes language as a system of signs that expresses ideas, and is therefore comparable to a system of writing, the alphabet of desensitize mutes, symbolic rites, polite formulas, military signals, etc. He calls this semiology. Azonto is a communicative dance which is full of signs and symbols, and involves a lot of communication between the dancers and the audience. Barthes states that signs and codes are meant to be historically and culturally specific. If you relate this Barthes concept of sign, and the concept of semiology to dance, you will realise that dance is not a universal language. That there are hidden signs which must be understood in order for a spectator to fully understand a particular dance movement. Azonto as a dance has its origin from some indigenous Ghanaian dances like Kpanlogo (a traditional dance of the Gas) and Gawu dance (an adopted dance of the Ewes). Though the Azonto dance is more of a fusion of other contemporary dance elements, it still has its roots from very indigenous dances from the Ghanaian culture. All these traditional dances involve symbols and signs made by the dancers.Roland Barthes goes on further to argue that material truth can never be taken for granted. It is always constructed and made unequivocal to human understanding by culturally specific systems of meaning. These codes and signs are not universally given, but are historically and socially specific to the particular interests and purposes which lie behind them. Azonto as a contemporary dance involves a lot of movements and communication through the use of gestures and hand signs. For instance, a dancer could be making dance movements and at the same time nerve-wracking to draw the shape of a heart with his/her fingers. This shape could be translated into several meanings depending on the background or culture of the observer. One could just view it as a shape of a heart whiles another would go steady it as a sign of love or a way of telling the observer that he/she has a kind heart. So we construct that a sign or symbol may not have the same meaning to the observer upon seeing it. Fernando de Saussure argues that it is not come-at-able to understand individual linguistic signs in a piecemeal, ad hoc or empiricist fashion. He goes on further to say that they have, rather, to be explained by presentation how they fit together as arbitrary signs in an internally arranged system or construction of rules and conventions. These signs cease to be arbitrary and become meaningful once they are located within the general structure of the language. Barthes notes that any semiology postulates a relation between two terms, a chassis and a signified a distinction elaborated by Saussure. There is also another term in this, the sign itself (be it linguistic or mythological), which contains the signifier and the signified, in the case of the actions and gestures made by the dancer and the observer who would be in the position to interpret these actions.Strinati (2004 224) stated that the rise of modern mass communications, and the associated proliferation of popular media culture, therefore become central to the explanatory exemplar of postmodern theory. What is inferred from this is that the mass media have become so significant for communication and information flows within and between modern societies (and consequently the popular culture they broadcast and promote increasingly defines and channels eitherday life in these so cieties) that they, along with consumerism, have given rise to the characteristic features of postmodernism. We see to itd that the approaching of television and other tools communication tools like the radio has been aiding tools for the popularization of this particular kind of dance. Most of the students either had first contact with the Azonto dance via earnings on YouTube, or on television and/or musical videos. We realize that the advent of engine room has cooperateed in the sensation and advertisement of this kind of dance across the continent and beyond. This is a reflection of modernity and post modernity in our current cultural set ups. Since the Azonto dance is originally from Ghana, technology has played a very important role in the awareness and public knowledge of this dance. Most individuals across the world heard or saw this dance through mediums like the internet and television. A lot of these enthusiasts take ont their basic steps through these same channel s without going to the dances place of origin.Roland Barthes goes on further to say that meaning is not something which is given or which can be taken for granted. It is manufactured out of historically transformation systems of codes, conventions and signs. We realized that the various dance symbols associated to Azonto had its origin from other indigenous dances. This clean dance has metamorphosized into a dance where by the dancer can express him/herself freely with personal gestures. Its a dance which has no particular simulate with the exception of fusing some basic dance steps to distinguish it from other emerging dances. Strinati (2004 101) stated that cultural meanings are not universal, nor are they disjoint from the social conditions in which they are to be found. Rather, they present themselves as universal when they are really historically and socially fixed.ConclusionDance, in general, reflect the way of life of a group of people. It is an essential part of culture. It could verbalize a message through its gestures as well as it being a medium of communication. More recently, there has been an influx of different dancing styles and patterns which are contemporary forms of ancient and traditional dances from all over the world. The ravisher of it all is how individuals embrace these various dance patterns into their own way of dance movements. Africa is the second largest continent in the world and it has a very large number of people who also reflects its pure culture and heritage. Among such traditions of the people on this continent is the uniqueness of every tribe or ethnic groupings own practices. Dancing has been a way of life for almost all these cultures and it is part and parcel of these people.Azonto dance from Ghana is no exception in this context. The dance is quite new and its spreading like wild fervor on the world stage where this dance is gaining popularity every minute with the economic aid of the internet especially on You Tube. It has become one of the biggest things to come out of Ghana in which most music lovers and dance enthusiasts identify this inelegant with. It isnt shocking to find yourself nodding your head or tapping your feet to tunes of Azonto or dropping in love with the unique movements by its dancers. One easily falls in love with the dance upon seeing it. The dance is one of the easiest to learn and its so unique that you can incorporate your own movements to suit yourself. Azonto is an communicatory dance. This means you can tell a story, show your emotions and personalize it. So an individual doesnt have to be afraid to do crazy things with it. Even though you can do this dance with almost any nervous strain (well, except classical music), it helps the dancer a lot if he or she is dancing to a high-tempo up-beat like Afrobeat tunes, pop music or a typical Azonto tune.Dance can be used as a tool to get people closer and also can help in relating to people more easily because they office something common. They have something that can be easily identified with even though they may be coming from different backgrounds or settings. Therefore we dont have to speak the same language or come from the same place before we can get along with others, but tools like dance can be a very effective medium through which people can take away all barriers and make them feel as one because most of the actions of dance is universal and can make people share a common feeling or mentality.A world famed dancer, writer and scholar in the field of Dance and Black Studies by name Dr. Kariamu Welsh when asked about the future of Africa/Back dance and the committee she saw it moving in the future, she stated that Black Dance will take many directions. As a genre, it will continue to self reflect and redefine itself but it will remain an artistic and inventive force for many of us. Black Dance is ancient and it has many stories to tell. These stories will take the form of narrativ es, abstract works, improvisations, neo-traditional dances, slamming, jamming and other forms that have and to be imagined. The beauty of Black Dance is that it is a place where new and innovative movements are born. Those creative sparks influence many people and every once in a while they actually inspire a revolution (Glocke, 2011 263)

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Essays Papers

Animal proveThis remarkable book was written by George Orwell, whose real wee is Eric Blair, and it is round the lives of farm animals who rebel against manhood. The animals live on manor house Farm and argon owned by Mr. Jones, who always seems to be drunk. The leader of the animals was an old bullshit named Old study who one day had a dream round being free from the oppression of man. One evening, Old Major assembled the animals of Manor Farm and talked to them about how they live badly, short lives in slavery to the humans and that they should rebel and become free. Old Major got the idea from a mental strain which came to him in a dream, Beasts of England, that was sung when he was a young pig. The nisus talked about the animals being free one day.No one knew when the disintegration that Old Major talked about would happen, especially after Old Major died three days after the meeting. The pigs, who were the smartest of the animals, picked the two most pre-emin ent pigs to assume the leadership role that Old Major left. The two pigs names were Snowball and Napoleon. These two pigs got together and organized all of Old Majors thoughts into a system called Animalism. This was taught at night during secret meetings that were held in the big group B and the animals slowly learned it.Then one midsummers eve, the animals rebelled against Mr. Jones and his men because they had not been fed the whole day. This was not a planned attack, unless the animals succeeded and kicked Mr. Jones and his men out. The animals were free.The next morning the animals set up rules, The Seven Commandments, and changed the name of the farm from Manor Farm to Animal Farm. Then the animals went out in the field to gather the hay and did it more quickly than Jones and his men perpetually did. It was also the biggest harvest they had ever seen because there was absolutely no waste. Boxer, a large horse, was a great asset to the animals because he worked as hard as three horses put together and he kept move himself harder and harder.The animals heard that Jones might return and try to recapture the farm, so the animals started preparing for an attack.

Clock Arithmetic :: essays research papers

Clock arithmeticThe melodic theme of time has always been one of interest to me at to the lowest degree on a philosophical basis. by the works of Einstein, ancient timepieces and calendars much(prenominal) as Stonehenge, and even theories on past and present, time is everywhere. I chose this topic to perhaps explore further the relevance of clocks and timepieces in math and arithmetic. To gain a better understanding of the mathematical features of time would be rewarding knowing that philosophy and mathematics are closely related.Through what Ive seen in clock arithmetic the concepts could be taught and applied as early as first grade due to the nature of extension and subtraction involved. Clock Arithmetic is also used for technological reasons. computing machine games are manufactured using clock arithmetic to base a characters position due to the resolution of the examine on a certain axis. Example Suppose you are playing a video game and the character in the game (lets call him Max) is move from the left status of the screen to the right side. Max gets to the right side of the screen and keeps walking he disappears and reappears on the left side of the screen again. If the screen is 12 inches wide and we are keeping track of how outlying(prenominal) Max is from the left side of the screen, then as soon as he is 12 inches from the left side its as if he was can at the beginning again. If you put it pictorially, against a clock youd bring that Max would start and end up at the same point. immediately Id like to downgrade and put things in an simple-minded perspective. If it is 3 oclock and we add 5 hours to the time that will put us at 8 oclock, so we could write 3 + 5 = 8. that if it is 11 oclock and we add 5 hours the time will be 4 oclock, so we should write 11 + 5 = 4. Now everyone knows that 11 + 5 =16, but there is no 16 on the clock (unless youre on military time). Every time we go past 12 on the clock we start counting the hours at 1 again. If we add numbers game the way we add hours on the clock, we say that we are doing clock arithmetic. So, in clock arithmetic 8 + 6 = 2, because 6 hours after 8 oclock is 2 oclock.

Violence in America Essay -- Violent Crime Civil Disorder Society Essa

wildness in America Beginning with the urban drug wars and the Rodney King riot every the way up the spectacular lynchings in Texas and Wyoming, and now the mass mangle/terrorist strike by teenagers in their own high school, the 90s is a decade made numb by civil disorder. In between came the incidents at Ruby Ridge, Idaho, and Waco, Texas, involving dubious law enforcement assaults on separatists, which led to the terrorist bombing at Oklahoma City the single worst terrorist act in American history. Since then, law enforcement agencies have thwarted twenty-four major domestic terrorist attacks. Shootings and bombings at stillbirth clinics, the slaying of abortion providers by right-wing fanatics and racial disturbances, virtually of which involved flagrant police brutality, added to the mix. Meanwhile, mass murders and serial killings grew to such a degree they became a part of popular culture, inspiring everything from an Oscarwinning motion picture to trading cards. Violen ce is our mothers milk. It has given us an incredible bigness of freedom and personal liberty. however it is also our demon rum that threatens the textile of that freedom and liberty. The epidemic of teenage killings in our cities, black church burnings and abortion clininc abandon, Neo-nazi skinheads and albumen Separatists, home-grown terrorism, and the rise of hate crimes have brought face-to-face with an brass of our culture most generations have found too unpleasant to contemplate. non until children began dying in the streets in unprecedented numbers and disgruntled white males begin forming paramilitary organizations did a general concern about violence begin to re-appear. When you consider our high crime rates in lodge with events such as Oklahoma City, Ruby Ridge, Idaho, the shoot-out in Waco, Texas, the Rodney King walloping and riot, the Crown Heights, NY, riot and the lynchings in Bensonhurst and Howard Beach, NY, in 1986 and 89, its difficult to disagree with t he capital of Indiana prosecutor who concluded, Violence is becoming a way of life. Still, kids-as-shooters brings a re-newed channel of violence to the tumultuous American landscape. Prior to the three-year blood-spree of school shootings, enough corpses were already littering the inner city landscape to convince us that we had waded knee-deep into a crisis of violence. In spite of declining crime r... ...violent history of any western nation. Weve ever so been that way, and we show no signs of changing. What has been changing is the nature of the violence, and whos doing it. The fact that childlike, alienated blacks and young to middle-aged white men commit a sizable musket ball of it (and in doing so continue the historical thread of violent solutions) is an unavoidable result of our history. Our tradition of rugged individualism, the cult of honor, especially but not exclusively in the South, the untamed frontier, and race and ethnicity are its central features. Violence h as become part of our character, threatening at clock time to subvert it. The reasons for the reserves movements, the vehement insistence upon the right to own guns and those chalky outlines lie squarely in a past that has turned violent self-assertion into a determinant of social status and aggression into a sign of character. not all Americans are violent, of course. In fact, most arent violent at all. And not all violent individuals or groups act that way all the time. But enough people have spilled other peoples blood enough of the time and in enough regions to create a national heritage of unvarying bloodshed.

Self-defense in Criminal Cases Essay -- essays research papers

Self-defense in sorry cases.One of the frustrations faced by many businesses is that after the perpetrators of crimes have been identified, the District Attorneys office will not pursue the case. One option is for victims to sue the DA in an exertion to compel him to prosecute, but this would be costly and proving dereliction of duty would be difficult. The DA is effectively immune. Other options are more promising. The law should come on (and prosecutors offices should welcome) snobby preparation of criminal cases. Prosecutors budgets simply do not grant vigorous prosecution of all the available criminal cases. Logic and conclude show that in private law, plaintiffs win ab break 50 pct of the cases that are tried. This is because the parties are more likely to settle lopsided cases out of approach. Public prosecutors, by contrast, win far more than 50 percentage of their trial cases because they have budget constraints and so elect whenever possible to go to court with onl y the cases they are likely to win. Victims should be allowed to hire private attorneys and other professionals to prepare cases against the accused and thereby extend public prosecutors resources. The attorneys discount be retained pro bono (for the good) or for compensation. This is already done in some white collar cases where financial complexities exceed the prosecutors expertise, such as complicated embezzlement cases, some oil and gas swindles and cases involving the misapplication of structure trust funds.At present, many cases are never prosecuted for one reason or another. For example, in about 40 percent of federal embezzlement and fraud cases, charges are dropped because of insufficient evidence to convict, given the resources at hand.85 In some instances prosecutors "deputize" attorneys to try cases, too. Many private attorneys have criminal experience as former prosecutors or public defenders. A analytic extension of private preparation for trial is the com plete privatization of the prosecutors job by contracting out. Private attorneys, of course, are often appointed on a pro bono basis for criminal defense. Private attorneys could be deputized for a hotshot trial or for ongoing prosecutors work, either pro bono or low contract.The same remedies are available to finance criminal prosecution as civil litigation. Commercial insurance policies could be exp... ...ting interpretes before a honey oil jury, or the person being investigated, has become a well orchestrated, hitherto cynical, minuet.The first and most important task may be everywherecoming the cynicism of so many lawyers in and out of government to whom concern for "fairness" in some manner printifies weakness. It is a cynicism that government lawyers should not have the luxury of acting upon. In reality, a commitment to fairness is a highly reliable sign of strength and confidence in the merits of ones position, and it is usually those who fear the fairness of the fabrication who most fear outcomes based on merit. Recently, a controversy has erupted over whether Justice Department lawyers are bound by state codes of morals and analogous local federal court rules of practice. The issue stems from rules that restrict seize by lawyers with parties known to be represented by counsel, including corporate parties. In essence, the government is seeking to exempt its own lawyers from state and federal court ethical restraints in ways that would go far beyond issues of witness contact. Courts, thus far, have been unsympathetic to this government effort at biased exemption from the rules of ethics.

Education of Frederick Henry :: essays papers

Education of Frederick HenryIn striving to become a hero, Frederick Henry moldiness(prenominal) first become an aficion, who must describe well-nigh difficult and often terrible lessons. Frederick must bring it is time to ingest the truth that war is foolish and the most dangerous thing in the world and that he must yield his good, little, boys urges behind and prove he is ready to mature as a man. By discovering who he is, he can develop his own code of ethics. Frederick must lead and engage what is right and what is wrong, and also what the world might not approve and leap out considering his own beliefs. He must free himself of the traditional view of sock that the warm and fuzziness that he may feel pull up stakes solo end in suffering. By freeing himself, he will revoke those fake notions and understand the malevolent trap he placed upon himself. The trap, that which he must come to realize, can snap close at any(prenominal) moment and seize all his hope, so he mus t learn not to be fooled into believing he has escaped. . Frederick Henry must learn that the war he sees as meaningful actually lacks glory and coming into court no sign of honor. It is the killer of children because the people who are doing the fighting are too young and have no realization of the true consequences of their actions. Fred must understand that the war is a trap for every sensation involved, including their families who would be killed if anyone escaped. By escaping the war, he can leave behind some of the antagonism of the world. He must realize no one can fully escape the malevolence since we are born and will forever live in its clutches. When one is born they are subsequently given a death blame to die some point in their life. This malevolence is unforgiving and will destroy everyone and everything, making the world a wasteland. Frederick needs to learn how to leave his separate peace from the war and all of the malevolence. He must realize its time to matu re and have complete self-reliance in range to reject society.It is important for Frederick Henry to understand that he must leave the childish impulses behind and move on to strengthening his manhood. In dedicate to do that he has to recognize that he is not a warrior, so, thitherfore, there is no need for him to be in this war.

Germanys Sex and Gender Roles Essay -- Sociology Sociological Papers

Germanys Sex and Gender Roles What is it that makes up our identities? I stringent us, not still Ameri contributes but other cultures as well, the entire world. When study back my family tree I learned that I am of half-German diminution with a quarter French and another quarter Irish in me. I also think it is safe to formulate that a absolute majority of the population reading this is of European lineage. I dont say this to discriminate, only to be specific in the telling of my story. The story I am about to recite is about humanitys and about unrivalled of our basic needs for survival. Some will argue, saying that evoke is not at all a basic need but permits face it, without sex you wouldnt be reading this thought-provoking article right now, and the world would be less fulfilled without the human reproduction process. Now that I have probably scared transfer the more ethical readers with my dirty talk I shall proceed. My story deals with the sex and gen der roles that occur in the country of Germany. Why did I conduct to study these roles in Germany? Well, it seemed like a good place to start, and organism that I am 50% German maybe I can relate to some of these roles. Well see. When one chooses to study the sex and gender roles of a country it is quite easy for me to relate to the virile population of the region. I believe that all heterosexual males desire the same common denominator from a relationship with another women. Yes, companionship is part of the desire but I have to be honest here, sex plays a major role in finding the right woman. So that was easy, I think almost men in Germany agree with those two easy-to-read sentences stated above. Now here comes the difficult part, trying to figure out what women desire in a relationship. Being... ...n feel like she is in good hands. Can men who do housework protect their wives just as good? Maybe, but the tungsten German women subconsciously saw these men as less masculine than their eastern countrymen. So, did a cement wall allow one ramp of men to be more housewife like and the other cheek to be more manly? I believe it was not only the wall but also the government placed over the people. The easterners were flash-frozen in a time where the men dominated and when that wall came mess so did the western womans view of what a male should be. Their primal instincts drove them towards those dominating macho men of the East, and suddenly the cult is to acquire a man who will provide the maximum step of protection, even if these men expected to be waited on by their new conquered women.

Anthrax :: essays research papers fc

ANTHRAX hotshot of the most important responsibilities a Secretary of Defense has is to tiller sealed the United States multitude members are protected as much as possible from any type of harm. Since the cease-fire of the Gulf War, the Joint Chiefs of supply retain discovered that anthrax has become the number one biologic threat to our troops. With finding this information, the Secretary of Defense, William S. Cohen, has decided to ensure that each military member is protected from anthrax with its vaccinum. Senior military leaders are accepting nothing less than total acceptance for the anthrax vaccine. The priming coat is that military members have been refusing to take the vaccine due to unsubstantiated reports dada up on various Internet sites. These sites have been claiming that the anthrax vaccine is experimental and willing cause harm if taken. However, the senior military leaders also have been doing what they can to properly educate their members ab place the anthrax vaccine. eachthing less than total acceptance of the anthrax vaccine is not permissible.ALIFF-SANCHEZ 2splenic fever is an infectious disease which is caused by the spore forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. anthrax can be deadly if the symptoms havent been caught in condemnation for treatment. Anthrax infection can occur in three forms epidermal (skin), inhalation, and gastrointestinal. B.Anthracis spores can live in the soil for many years and valet de chambre can be infected with anthrax by handling brute products from infected animals or by inhaling anthrax spores from contaminated animal products. take uncooked meat from infected animals can also spread anthrax. Anthrax can also be spread by biological warfare. Any country that has biological warfare capability can use anthrax on its warheads to spread anthrax (FAQs1).Since the threat of anthrax has been discovered, the Joint Chiefs of faculty recommended that all members of the military receive mandatory vacc inations against this disease. However, the first set of immunizations will go to troops scheduled to go to the Middle East and Korea (Cohen 1). take in protection should not be optional. Moreover, it would be totally incomprehensible to point a soldier on the front lines withoutALIFF-SANCHEZ 3a helmet it would make even less sense to send a soldier out into a biologically unfriendly environment without being immunized against it (Cohen 2).The precaution of anthrax vaccine has been unfounded. Unfortunately, the anthrax vaccine has been getting unreasonable disapproval in some circles. In particular, a few people have posted incorrect information on Internet sites and distributed it through electronic mail campaigns.

Salmon Farming Essay -- essays research papers

Salmon body politicIf you recently say chromatic off the menu of your favorite restaurant, or purchased it from your local securities industry store store, chances be it was farmed. According to Salmon of the Americas, an organization of chromatic-producing companies in Canada, Chile and the linked States, 70 percent of the salmon produced in British Columbia and capital letter comes from salmon farms. If it werent for these farms, we would not have the luxury and abundance of this delectable and healthy food available to us year round. Salmon agribusiness represents one very important way to feed the world and tidy sum want to eat more salmon and seafood- more than can be caught.Salmon market-gardening began over 30 years ago and has sour a huge industry. Experts say its the fastest growing subdivision of agriculture. Salmon farming plays an important role in the economies of many areas as well. Jobs and other economic benefits contribute to the value of salmon as a great deal its role in good nutrition. Salmon is an oily tip racy in omega-3 fatty acids, a substance that al close surely helps protect against heart disease and may also reduce the pretend of cancer and Alzheimers. There is one species of Atlantic salmon and five species of Pacific. Atlantic salmon account for al intimately 95 percent of the farmed salmon produced, and most of them are farm-raised on the pacific coast. Pacific species account for all of the marvelous salmon caught in the Americas and some of them are also farm-raised. No furious Atlantic salmon are fished commercially in North America, as they are an endangered species. Atlantic salmon have catch the species of pick to raise on farms because they are more adaptable to the farming techniques and arrange better use of feed so they produce more salmon with less feed.Not everybody agrees however, that farmed salmon raised in net pens are healthy for the environment or for you to eat. Over the years, ther e have been many stories in the media that have pointed out the negatives of farm raised salmon. These arguments have ranged from wastes from salmon farms, the spreading of disease from farmed to erroneous fish, the negative impacts of farm raised fish escapes and interacting with native fish, and recently, the effects of farmed salmon consumption on human health. The a la mode(p) issue that the media got there hands on and consequently got the public concerned, was a report that polychlorinated... ...sk for cancer. There is no need to be frighten with gamy levels of contaminants when it comes to consuming any kind of salmon. What we do need to be alarm about is the media reporting and their level of contaminants Ronad A. Hites, Jeffery A. Foran, David O. Carpenter, M. Coreen Hamilton, Barbara A. Knuth, Steven J. Schwager (2004) study Global assessment of perfect contaminants in farmed salmon, Science 303226-229. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center fo r environmental wellnesswellness Studies Branch Kevin Amos, National Aquatic Animal Health Coordinator, NOAA FisheriesSalmon of the Americas SOTA is an organization of salmon-producing companies in Canada, Chile and the unite States whose mission is to better health, awareness and dining enjoyment of consumers in North America by providing timely, complete, accurate and insightful information about salmon on behalf of the component companies. Ashley Dean, Shwartz,.Mark 2003. Salmon farms pose significant threat to salmon fisheries in the Pacific Northwest, researchers find. Stanford UniversityAmerican Journal of Clinical Nutrition, April 2002, 76608-613.Pediatric Research, 1998, 44(2)201-209. Salmon Farming Essay -- essays research papers Salmon FarmingIf you recently enjoin salmon off the menu of your favorite restaurant, or purchased it from your local grocery store, chances are it was farmed. According to Salmon of the Americas, an organization of salmon-produc ing companies in Canada, Chile and the United States, 70 percent of the salmon produced in British Columbia and uppercase comes from salmon farms. If it werent for these farms, we would not have the luxury and abundance of this delightful and healthy food available to us year round. Salmon farming represents one very important way to feed the world and spate want to eat more salmon and seafood- more than can be caught.Salmon farming began over 30 years ago and has become a huge industry. Experts say its the fastest growing particle of agriculture. Salmon farming plays an important role in the economies of many areas as well. Jobs and other economic benefits contribute to the value of salmon as untold its role in good nutrition. Salmon is an oily fish full-bodied in omega-3 fatty acids, a substance that almost certainly helps protect against heart disease and may also reduce the riskiness of cancer and Alzheimers. There is one species of Atlantic salmon and five species of Pac ific. Atlantic salmon account for almost 95 percent of the farmed salmon produced, and most of them are farm-raised on the pacific coast. Pacific species account for all of the unused salmon caught in the Americas and some of them are also farm-raised. No wild Atlantic salmon are fished commercially in North America, as they are an endangered species. Atlantic salmon have become the species of prime(a) to raise on farms because they are more adaptable to the farming techniques and garner better use of feed so they produce more salmon with less feed.Not everybody agrees however, that farmed salmon raised in net pens are healthy for the environment or for you to eat. Over the years, there have been numerous stories in the media that have pointed out the negatives of farm raised salmon. These arguments have ranged from wastes from salmon farms, the spreading of disease from farmed to wild fish, the negative impacts of farm raised fish escapes and interacting with native fish, and re cently, the effects of farmed salmon consumption on human health. The latest issue that the media got there hands on and consequently got the public concerned, was a report that polychlorinated... ...sk for cancer. There is no need to be alarmed with postgraduate levels of contaminants when it comes to consuming any kind of salmon. What we do need to be alarmed about is the media reporting and their level of contaminants Ronad A. Hites, Jeffery A. Foran, David O. Carpenter, M. Coreen Hamilton, Barbara A. Knuth, Steven J. Schwager (2004) study Global assessment of total contaminants in farmed salmon, Science 303226-229. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for environmental HealthHealth Studies Branch Kevin Amos, National Aquatic Animal Health Coordinator, NOAA FisheriesSalmon of the Americas SOTA is an organization of salmon-producing companies in Canada, Chile and the United States whose mission is to advance health, awareness and dining enjoyment of cons umers in North America by providing timely, complete, accurate and insightful information about salmon on behalf of the member companies. Ashley Dean, Shwartz,.Mark 2003. Salmon farms pose significant threat to salmon fisheries in the Pacific Northwest, researchers find. Stanford UniversityAmerican Journal of Clinical Nutrition, April 2002, 76608-613.Pediatric Research, 1998, 44(2)201-209.