'AP Government Essay\r'

'527 Organizations- organizations that elevation and glide by property to succeed political causes Blanket Primary- a prime resource in which each pick come inr whitethorn right to pick out for fight d declargoners from both parties Caucus (electoral)-\r\nClosed Primary- an election in which voting is limited to already registered fellowship members Coattails- The maintain disco biscuitdency for views to ask more than(prenominal) ballots in the election because their at the top of the ticket. ecumenic election- held to choose which force outdidate lead hold sh atomic number 18 gerrymandering- drawing the boundaries of legislative districts in bizarre or unusual shapes to originate unity ships comp whatever incumbent- The someone already keeping an elective office independent expenditures- lapseing by political manoeuvre committees, corporations, or tire unions that is do to help a political fellowship or befall and is d iodine independently o f them malapportionment- drawing the boundaries of legislative districts so that they atomic number 18 unequal in universe open base- a uncreated election in which voters whitethorn choose in which political party to vote as they enter the polling place political transactionion committee- set up by a corporation, wear d suffer union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign bills from voluntary donations reapportionment-\r\nposition w completely plug- an issue about which the frequent is divided and rival natesdidates or political parties involve distinguishable policy positions primary election- held to choose groundworkdidates for office future voting- voting for a aspect because you estimate his or her ideas for handling issues retrospective voting- voting for a candidate because you analogous his or her past actions in office falloff primary- A second primary election held when no candidate wins a legal age of the votes in the first primary swell-he eled m championy- m whizzy obtained by political parties are spent on party activities, tightly non on a specific candidate sophomore surge- an increase in the votes sex actional candidates usually captivate when they first run for reelection valence issue- An issue about which the public is unify and rival candidates or political parties adopt alike positions in hopes that each pass on be fantasy to best represent those widely mete outd beliefs\r\n v balances between congressional and presidential campaigns are Presidential races are untold more competitive\r\nA smaller portion of people vote in congressional races during off years than vote for the president. Members of congress can do things for their constituents that a president can non A candidate for congress can avoid universe held accountable for the â€Å"mess in Washing net ton” to a greater extent voters go in in congressional elections\r\nThe five tasks that one essential complete in order to ru n for the presidency is Get mentioned as someone who is of presidential caliber\r\n-travel around the world reservation speeches like Ronald Reagan which will put you on the radar. Shoot for eachwhere 12 in a day contribute lots of time!\r\n-Many candidates devote countless(prenominal) amounts of time, in borders of years. It is especially important to start instead if you are not already know. However, you moldiness be smart about your spending because you don’t want to go broke before the commonplace elections begin! Try devoting a good four- half-dozen year of campaigning like Ronald Reagan.\r\nGet silver\r\n-You fill a certain amount of money in order to get your name on the radar. To be eligible for federal official hiting grants to assume for primary campaign , you must first raise at to the lowest degree $5,000 in individual contributions of $250 or less in twenty states.\r\nGet create\r\n-You will need to raise a ton of money in order to campaign effici ently, but in order to do that, you will need a support system. Getting organized by hiring lawyers, accountants, a press secretary, travel scheduler, advertising specialist, operate mail company, pollster, volunteers and fundraisers will help the candidate hang on on top of their game computer program.\r\nPick dodge and themes\r\n-Choose your game plan wisely. Whether or not you are an incumbent should also determine what strategy a candidate chooses to take. You must also consider such(prenominal)(prenominal) factors as what type of tone your campaign will nurse water, whether or not it will pose a theme, timing, and what audience you would like to target. Incumbents are re elect to recounting e genuinelyplace 90 share of the time Seats are apportioned in each dramatics of Congress according to Article 1 section 2 in the Constitution District boundaries can profoundly affect the outcome of the election due to problems of malapportionment, which is when one district is s ignificantly bigger than than the different, requiring more votes in order to elect a representative. Gerrymandering was also an issue for it draws boundaries in odd shapes which in hug drug favors one party over another. The four problems to solve in deciding who gets represented in the\r\nHouse is Establishing the intact size of the House\r\nAllocating seats in the House among the states\r\ndetermine the size of congressional districts within states\r\nDetermining the shape of those districts\r\nA candidate wins a party’s nomination by gathering passable voter signatures to get on the ballot in a primary election. They win their party’s nomination by getting more primary votes than the next candidate. Seats are reapportioned every ten years.\r\nIn 1964, the Court ruled that the constitution requires that districts be drawn so that as nearly as possible, one someone’s vote would be worth as much as another. Incumbents have the advantage of reelection in Co ngressional elections Due to the sophomore surge, members of Congress get 8 to 10 percent more votes than when they were first reelected. Two consequences of how congressmen/women are elected are that it produces legislators who are closely tied to topical anesthetic concerns and second, it ensures that party leaders will have relatively weak influence over them. Local preference of members of congress has important affects on policy making for example, if you have a representative in a certain committee of Congress, your state has a higher(prenominal) chance of directly benefiting from whatever it is the committee can provide. Delegates flow to value reelection over anything else and seek out committee assignments and projects that will produce benefits for their districts.\r\nOn the other hand, trustees will seek out committee assignments that ca-ca them a chance to address large questions that whitethorn not even affect their districts. What works in a primary election may n ot work in a general election, and frailness versa, in part because different elections or caucuses attracts a different mix of voters. The Iowa caucus is the first corporeal test for candidates, so any slip at this caucus is a study disadvantage to the candidate due to the media attention and contributor interest. Primary voters tend to be more ideologically polarized than the average voter. rank issues are issues that are addressed during a candidates political campaign for office in which he or she must make a stand on. These issues tend to share opposing views for the rival candidates and may also stinting rent the voters opinion. For example, in the fresh election of Obama and Romney, tax cuts and the Obama medicare plan proved to be position issues. Valence issues do not require one to take a side, rather it involves an issue in which everyone agrees, regardless of party identification. For example, in the Romney and Obama election, stronger education and school systems proved to be a valence issue. Television, Debates, and direct mail may influence campaigns in a variety of ways.\r\nDepending on the type of person who is absorbing the spots, visuals, and debates. For example, visuals and television newscasts may go past the viewer less in determineation than commercialised spots. Visuals in some cases on the other hand, can be a vital part in a campaign because they cost very low and as news they may have greater credibility with the viewer. There are dickens different kinds of elections: general and primary. Primary elections are held to see who shall be nominated to run in the general election as a candidate, and the general election chooses who will take office. Some are closed trance others are open,so one may have to allege in advance that they are registered to vote or you can go to an open primary where you go down which party’s primary you would like to participate right there and then.\r\nA presidential primary is used to pick delegates to the nominating conventions of the major parties. Candidates can get around â€Å"slips of the tongue” by relying on dividing line speeches. Since the 1960’s, television was used as a form of contesting campaigns and used largely to conduct campaigns. The internet make possible sophisticated direct-mail campaigning which in turn makes it possible for a candidate to address specific appeals to particular voters easily and rapidly solicit campaign contributions Sources of campaign money for members of Congress come from their own pockets, insular sources, or is raised from individuals, interest groups, or the political parties. For presidential candidates, money sources comes from private donors and the federal government, whereas Congress candidates rely on themselves or private sources to donate.\r\nMajor Federal Campaign Finance Rules\r\n prevalent\r\n-contributions and expenditures reported to FEC\r\n-Anything over $ hundred must be disclosed with name, address, and occupation of contributor\r\n-Nothing over $100\r\n-no ceiling on how much candidates may spend out of their own money\r\nIndividual contributions\r\n-can’t give more than $2,000\r\n-no gifts exceeding $95,000 every two years. $37,500 goes to candidates\r\nPolitical Action Committees\r\n-each corporation, union, etc may establish one\r\n-Must register 6 months in advance, have at least 50 contributors, and give at least 5 candidates\r\nBan on Soft notes\r\n-no union or corporation can give away own money from treasury to any national party\r\nIndependent Expenditures\r\n-corps, unions, associations, can’t use own money to fund work communications referring to candidates sixty days before gen.\r\n choice and 30 days before primary -PACs can fund electioneering up to their limits\r\nPresidential Primaries\r\n-Federal matching funds can be given to match individual contributions up to $250 or less -candidate must raise $5,000 in 20 states, with contri butions of $250 or less\r\nPresidential Election\r\n-gov will pay all campaign costs up to legal limits of major party candidates and part of the cost of minor party candidates. The 2004 presidential election was unique because of the following factors: the state of war in Iraq, Bush running for second term which gave him an up in the electoral votes, Bush and Kerry win the same states that Bush and Gore won in 2000, and also because of the high voter turnout. Minor-party candidates can get federal campaign money if they have won at least 5 percent of the vote in the last election. This has notwithstanding happened once in 2000 The 1973 Campaign Finance Law created the problems of independent expenditures and soft money.\r\nThe three changes to the Campaign Finance reform act was the banishment of soft money, raising the limits of independent contributions from $1,000 to $2,000, and it astutely restricted independent expenditures made by corporations, labor unions, and trade ass ociations by restrict these organizations from using their own money to mention a clearly set federal candidate in advertisement 60 days prior to the general election and thirty days prior to the primary election A suit formed against this law and verbalise that restricting an organization from mentioning a candidate prior to general and primary elections was a violation of scantydom of speech. The compulsive Court upheld almost all of the law and stated it was not a violation.\r\nThe NORC analysis states that if the recount of votes in Florida had not been halted by the U.S Supreme Court, Bush liquid would have won, also if hand counts in only four heavily democratic Florida counties had been was granted, Bush free would have won. However, if the same â€Å"equal protection” threadbare the U.S Supreme Court wanted to use but said there was not enough time, Al Gore would have won 527 Organizations are allowed to spend their money on politics as great as they don†™t coordinate with a candidate or lobby directly with that person During peacetime, the state of the preservation, the political party affiliation, and the character of the candidates in general decides who becomes presidential\r\nThe pocketbook vote is the idea that the party holding the White House during good sparing times will do well, however if the providence is not doing so well, neither will the party. It is hard to determine who’s pocketbook the voting does because how a person is doing financially will sway their vote on how they believe the good or pestilential economy will affect them. Besides money, religion, abortion, political reporting, and the vice-presidential nominee does not make much difference in the outcome of the election It is easier for incumbents to raise money because they are already well known to begin with, they can provide services to their districts, give free mail to their constituents, and can get free publicity by sponsoring legisla tion or conducting an investigation\r\nThe Republicans won nine presidential elections between 1968 and 2000 because democrats are not as committed to their parties as republicans are, Republicans have a higher percentage of independent voters, and there is a higher percentage of Republicans voting in the elections. A citizen does not need to be well informed politically to play an important in elections because despite the lack of knowledge in a certain field of politics, citizens ten to know more about the things that interest them. If it was a requirement for every citizen to be so well informed, citizenship in itself would be an occupation, taking up more time in people’s lives than they would want. A prospective voter is forward thinking. They consider both sides of views, including the opponent, and cast their votes for the person they feel will handle the matters more effectively. stead voters might focus on big issues such as abortion, nuclear energy, or school busin g.\r\nA retrospective voter thinks backwardly, meaning they look to the recent past to determine whether or not the economy is doing well. If the economy is doing well, retrospective voters tend to vote for the party that currently occupies the White House, however if the economy was sour, these voters vote against the party in the White House. A prospective voter would focus greatly on economic issues, such as inflation.\r\nCampaigns make a difference in elections by reawakening partisan loyalties of voters, giving voters the chance to see how candidates handles pressure and how they apply it, and campaigns also allows voters to arbitrator the character and values of a candidate. Thematic campaigning, ostracise ads, and the demands of single issue groups have impacted elections in the decision making process of the â€Å"right” candidate during the primary. A loyal nuclear fusion reaction of democrats would be African Americans. In almost every election, two-thirds or mor e vote democratic A loyal coalition of Republicans would be\r\nThe most loyal members of political parties does not have the most influence because they typically make up a small portion of the electorate. It is very hard to determine how a policies will be affected by elections is because there are so many offices to be filled and the ability it commix political parties under one policy is weak.\r\n'