The Total Tourist Experience Essay Example for Free

The Total incumbranceist Experience EssayThe go and tourism diligence is made up of six antithetical components, they be* motive power Agents* Tour Operators* Transportation* Accommodation and Catering* tourer development and Promotion* Tourist AttractionsShould a phaeton decide to take a vacation, he/she is likely to visit a travel agent to inquire about mixed holidays on gap and prices ready(prenominal).Travel agents ar agents for tour operators they sell package holidays, products and run on behalf of the tour operator and ar paid a commission or tippytoe by the tour operator. Travel agents offer products and serve such as travel insurance, flights, car-hire, ferry crossings, curb tickets, advice etc. there be two types of travel agents they are the Retail Travel Agent and the Business Travel Agent. The larger Business Travel Agents are members of the Guild of Business Travel Agents (GBTA) and make up over 80% of business travel arrangements through travel age ncies. Leading GBTA Business Travel Agents are, American Express Europe Ltd, Britannic Travel Ltd, Carlson Wagonlits, hogget Robinson Travel Ltd, Portman Travel Ltd and Seaforth Travel Ltd. The Business Travel Agents concentrate on the sale of travel related products to business clients and are sometimes located in an office within the organisation, for which they provide travel arrangements (in-house). Business travel involves getting the client to the appropriate destination for business meetings and related duties.The Retail Travel Agents move to the tie-in of British Travel Agents (ABTA). The role of the Retail Travel Agent is to provide a location, where tourists who are seeking information about travel plans leave alone go. The Retail Travel Agents sell arrange of leisure and recreation travel products and service to out leaving, incoming and municipal tourists. They act as a link betwixt customers and tour operators they are in constant contact with airlines and car hire companies.Contact is maintained over the phone, through the post and the computer systems in empower e.g. Amadeus, Galileo, Sabre, and World Span. Many Retail Travel Agents advise customers, suggest possible holidays, answer questions, make bookings and help customers with travel problems. They also sell ancillary products and services e.g. travel insurance, foreign currency, travellers cheques etc. There are foursome main leading travel agents, they are Lunn Poly Ltd, Going Places, The Thomas Cook Group and Carlson Worldchoice. mingled with them, they sell over 60% of inclusive tours in the UK and account for 1/3 of the total number of high street travel agency branches in the UK.A tourist is close likely to choose a holiday that is an inclusive deal e.g. flights and allowance. These deals have been designed and compiled by a tour operator.Tour operators provide a wide range of products and services for domestic, outgoing and incoming tourists. They arrange transport, accommo dation and leisure activities to make up the holiday package. Holiday packages are usually sold through travel agents. Due to customer demand, tour operators offer flexible options for their customers e.g. flight only and multi-centred holidays.Tour operators usually belong to ABTA or the Association of International Tour Operators (AITO). Tour operators can nail down e.g. selling to the mass market, which nitty-gritty they offer tours to the general public and cater for all their involve and outbound tour operators who organise package holidays abroad. Examples of tour operators are Thomson Holidays Ltd and Airtours plc. There are specialist long haul operators e.g. Kuoni Travel Ltd. Travel Scene specialise in city breaks while Crystal and Ski Bound specialise in winter sports.Tour operators publicise their products through their own direct merchandising e.g. Thomson Holidays Ltd own Portland Direct and Airtours plc own Direct Holidays. Thomson Holidays Ltd also encourages direc t bookings from their brochures or packages, which are advertised and sold through travel agents.A tourist who is going on holiday can choose from a variety of different transportation methods, they include cars, trains, planes or boats.Transportation means providing travel to and from a destination, locomotion around a destination or it can be the main feature of a tourists trip. Transport can be divided into four different categories, they are* Air- scheduled flights, ch artificeer flights or air taxis* Water- ferries, cruise ships, hover crafts or river boats* Road- cars, motorbikes, coaches or buses* Rail- trains, tubes or tramsThe transport net fetchs are the air, water and land routes, which various forms of transport travel along. Each network has starting and ending points, which are known as termini.Air travel has scheduled flights, which operate regularly tally to published schedules or timetables e.g. Virgin Atlantic Airways fly basketball team times a week to New York and three times a week to southeast Africa. Charter flights only operate when they are hired for a particular purpose. Tourists tend to take scheduled flights, as they are affordable, faster and convenient. Charter flights are expensive and need to be organised through companies.Tourists often have a choice of transport routes when deciding how to travel to their destinations, these include sea- (ferries and cruises), which tend to be slow but flexible as tourists can take their cars on the channel crossings. Road- (motorways, auto-bahns, major trunk roads and the channel tunnel) this is a flexible means of transport. Finally, rail- (high speed lines and scenic railways) this is a quick means of transport to a destination.The choice of transport and type of route taken is based on four factors cost, convenience and availability, journey time and services provided by the transport carrier.There is a variety of accommodation available for a tourist. It can range from five star hotel accommodations through to basic bed and breakfasts. The type of accommodation chosen by a tourist is usually dependent on his/her budget.Whilst on holiday a tourist go forth have a wide variety of catering facilities to choose from. He/she will choose a restaurant or takeaway that serves the food of his/her choice.Accommodation and catering are organisations, which provide tourists with places to stay and to eat. In the UK there are many single outlets and multinational operators. Catering services operate separately from accommodation in some cases. Restaurants, pubs, fast-food outlets and cafes provide arrange of choices from quick snacks to haute cuisines. Some restaurants offer fixed priced menus or a la board menus, where customers pay for separate items. Pubs are popular as they provide cooked meals, hot snacks, salads and sandwiches with alcohol. Fast-food outlets are convenient and offer items such as hamburgers, pizzas, pasta and baked potatoes. Examples of fast-food outl ets are Mc Donalds and KFC. Tourists who are travelling either by plane or train e.g. Eurostar, are often offered catering, which is prepared and packaged meals.Accommodation can be divided into serviced or self-catering. Full serviced means it includes meals and house keeping. Examples of places that offer serviced accommodation is hotels, motels, guest houses or lodges. Serviced accommodation can be divided in a number of ways including the number of bedrooms, small- (ten rooms or less), medium- (eleven-fifty rooms) and large- (more than fifty rooms).Serviced establishments are awarded a rating, which indicates the range of facilities provided. The field of study Tourist Boards (NTBs) for England, Scotland and Wales have developed the Crown salmagundi System for hotels, guesthouses, bed and breakfasts and farmhouses. The number of crowns awarded represents the range of facilities and services provided.Self-catering accommodation means tourists are provided with accommodation but have to provide their own food, this type of accommodation is usually cheaper as fewer services are provided. Examples of self-catering are, apartments, camping sites, timeshare and chalets.The tourist board inspectors check both serviced and self-catering accommodations and each of the establishments are graded for quality e.g. Travel Lodge is for budget accommodation while grand hotels e.g. The Ritz and The Hilton are classed as five star accommodations.Tourist development and progress are the support services of the industry and will work together to provide a tourist with an informative and interesting holiday experience.Tourist development and promotion comprises of tourism support, promotion services, Tourist Information Centres (TICs) and guiding services. Many topical anesthetic authorities have specific departments to support and develop tourism in different areas. This support includes selling the area with the aid of brochures, distributing accommodation and entertain ment guides and attending travel exhibitions to promote their areas. NTBs and Regional Tourist Boards (RTBs) work with local authorities to promote and develop local areas this involves providing a wide range of services such as educational material, publicity guides and visitant guides. I will discuss each organisation that support tourist development* The British Tourist Authority (BTA) is an official government organisation formed in 1969 in conjunction with tourists boards for Scotland, Wales and England. Their role is to build the evaluate of tourism to Britain by promoting tourism in Britain. The BTA advertises overseas, it also advises the government and businesses about tourism and carries out research. The BTA works with the Scottish, English, Welsh and Regional Tourist Boards to encourage inbound travel to the UK. It also works with the Department of Culture, Media and-Sport (DCMS), and liases with the British council and diplomatic staff to increase awareness as a trav el destination.* NTBs are responsible for promoting domestic tourism in their respective areas. There are four main tourist boards, they are, the English Tourism Council (ETC), Scottish Tourist Board (STB), Northern Ireland Tourist Board (NITB) and Welsh Tourist Board (WTB). In Wales people refer to the WTB as Bwrdd Croeso Cymru. There are also separate tourist boards for the Isle of Man, island of Guernsey and Jersey. They have similar objectives, which include, advising the government on tourism matters, creating wealth and jobs, enhancing the image of their areas etc.* There are three RTBs in Wales and ten in England* RTBs work together with NTBs to promote their areas they have common programs under contract with the NTBs, such as information collection and networked tourist information centre systems. RTBs receive grants from the primordial and National governments but they have to raise a portion of the income from commercial activities.* Local Authorities play an important r ole in developing, promoting and managing tourism in their areas e.g. Poole and Dorset are local authorities that work with local businesses to provide websites that promote tourism.Tourist attractions serve as sites of interest for a tourist. A tourist whitethorn visit different sites in connection with his or her private interests.The ETC defines a visitor attraction asA permanently established excursion destination, a primary purpose of which is to allow public access for entertainment, interest or education, rather than being a primary retail outlet or locale for sporting, theatrical or film performances. It must be open to the public, without prior booking, for published periods each year, and should be capable of attracting day visitors or tourists as well up as local residents. Outhart, T. Taylor, L. Barker, R. Marvell, A. (2000) Unit 1 Investigating travel and tourism, Structure of the travel and tourism industry. march on Vocational Travel and Tourism, London, Collins, p . 60.Attractions can be raise divided into natural and built. Built attractions have been built by man or women e.g. Hampton Court Palace was built by King Henry octette as a royal residents and today it is a tourist attraction because of its link to royalty and its preserved art work. Natural attractions have occurred through record e.g. Cheddar Gorge. Some attractions are run by the private sector for a profit e.g. Madame Tussauds, while others are run by charities, such as, the National Trust or controlled by the public sector e.g. Stonehenge.Theme and leisure park attractions are action packed, family centred leisure and entertainment complexes, which often include technical versions of fun fair rides e.g. Alton Towers, Chessington World of Adventures etc. People are attracted to theme parks as it can be a family day out, as most theme parks have a variety of rides that cater for all age groups e.g. Blackpool Pleasure Beach, has a huge roller coaster, which is an attraction w ithin itself.inheritance and historic sites range from century old historic sites e.g. Stonehenge to castles, cathedrals and stately homes. The majority of these historic sites were erected for a specific purpose in history e.g. castles were the residents/home to royalty, cathedrals were places of devotion and the Tower of London served as a jail. Many historic buildings are owned by religious organisations or government agencies e.g. the historic royal palaces.The Museums Association defines a museum asAn institution which collects, preserves, exhibits and interprets material evidence and associated information for the public benefit. Outhart, T. Taylor, L. Barker, R. Marvell, A. (2000) Unit 1 Investigating travel and tourism, Structure of the travel and tourism industry. Advanced Vocational Travel and Tourism, London, Collins, p. 63.In other words, they are protestors of works of art. Museums are important for regional and local areas, as they protect and exhibit works of art or history from local areas e.g. Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum attracted over a million visitors in 1998, as people were interested in Scottish history. Countryside visitor attractions provide opportunities for people to enjoy leisure pastimes e.g. picnics, walks etc. Many areas have urban parks e.g. Hyde Park in London or gardens e.g. Kew Gardens.The best-known areas of countryside attractions are the national parks. National parks are protected areas of land they protect the fauna and flora of the local area. There are not many facilities available to the public in these areas. Some parks may offer accommodation and activities, such as walking, abseiling or pony trekking but these activities will be limited. There are now eleven national parks in England and Wales e.g. Dartmoor, Snowdonia, Lake District etc.All the above components of the travel and tourism industry work concurrently to provide a total tourist experience for a tourist or visitor. It starts with a tour operator, who will plan the holiday to the travel agent, who sells the package. The airline, train or ferry will provide the transport to the hotels or campsites, where the tourist will sleep (accommodation), to whichever restaurant or take away that he/she have from (catering). The tourist might then visit an attraction that has been promoted in some way, either by the tourist board or through the local tourist information kiosk. These components are invisibly linked but work together to make sure that the tourist enjoys his/her visit to such an extent that he/she will return or by word of mouth, to generate other visitors.

A Study Of Anwar Ibrahim

A Study Of Anwar IbrahimIntroductionAnwar Ibrahim is without a doubt one of the nearly influential politician ever to emerge subsequently our nations Independence Day in 1957.Without any sufficient political subscribeground he struggles through the political period during his University life.Although not noted at that time, his social, political and economical ideas gained a rapid support from the community when he became the delegate Prime Minister in 1993. His involvement in regime activity was a success, with his ideology being accepted by the community in a great variety from the aspect of social to politics.Anwar Ibrahim was born on tenth August 1947 in a small village on the mainland in Sungai Bakap, Seberang Prai and was raised in Cherok ToKun.He received his early education in Sekolah Melayu Cherok ToKun and Sekolah Rendah Stowell, Bukit Mertajam, one of the laurels primary school in Penang.Anwar Ibrahim was raised in a comfortable middle class family with his pay off, Ibrahim Abdul Rahman who was a porter in a hospital and his mom, Che Yan, a housewife. However, both his parent got involved in politics when, his father became a politician and retired as a Parliamentary Secretary for the Ministry of Health.Similarly his mother besides joined the UMNO. After finishing his high school in 1967, he enrolled his secondary education in Malay College Kuala Kangsar (MCKK) till 1966.during his period MCKK, he actively involved himself in interschool deliberate competitions and was subsequently elected as the students president prior to his achievements and reputations in MCKK.Anwar pursued Malay Studies in one of Malaysias excrete University, University Malaya. In University Malaya, Anwars potential as a politician leader became obvious. He became the President of Persatuan Kebangsaan Pelajar Islam Malaysia (PKPIM).At the same time he was as well as the President of Malay quarrel Society. In University Malaya, Anwar gained his reputation and sup port by involving himself fiercely in defending the Malay community and the Islamics during the blackamoor twenty-four hourss, 13th May 1969.One of the most bodacious act he had done during the racial war was, joining forces with Dr.Mahathir Mohamad in critising Tunku Abdul Rahman ruling who was the Prime Minister at that time. Since then, Anwar was known as a leader who always fights for students and social rights in his university.In 1971, he graduated in University Malaya by receiving the Ijazah Sarjana Muda Sastera. At the end of the year, the Moslem Youth movement of Malaysia was set in motioned and Anwar became the set- guts president. The Muslim Youth movement by Anwar proved to be one of the most influential societies when Anwar successfully make a group of potential leading who implies the pedagogics of Islam in daily life as well in leadership. His quality as a leader for this society was even approved and appreciated by the President of Pakistan, Zia Ul-Haq.The 1970s period is well known for its economical crisis in Malaysia collect to the decrease in rubber price. Anwar saw his opportunity to solve the line and gain more support, at that placefore, he rushed to solve the poverty issue in Baling. He leaded the anti poverty riot in 1974 which has set down him a punishment in ISA without trial where he spent almost two years in Kamunting detention center.In the year 1982, the supporters were astonished by the newsworthiness saying that Anwar was stepping into the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). This is because he was a organisation which is also known as Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM) during that year too. It is known as the most unionized force in Islamic revivalism in Malaysia. Meanwhile, United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was lead by Tun Dr Mahathir lay in Mohamad in the year 1981.Anwars involvement in defending the rights and justice of the society made the UMNO to set an eye on him. The UMNO sees him as a potential leader and soon, he was brought in the political company. In 1982, Anwar became the parliamentary speaker for Permatang Pauh. Later, he was designated as the surrogate Prime Minister.Anwar Ibrahim was a potential leader who has the ability and power to influence and affect human conduct and accomplished mission. Due to his leadership qualities, he obtained a lot of support from the public. This was the main factor Anwar was elected as the president of the National Union of Malaysian Muslim Students from the year 1968 to 1971.In 1983, Anwar became the Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports. He also held the power of Minister of Agri ending, Minister of teaching method and finally as the Minister of pay in 1991.In the 1990s, Anwars kindred with Prime Minister, Dr.Mahathir Mohammed had begun to deteriorate. 1990s witnessed the downfall of Anwar, Anwar was framed and claimed to be involved in legion(predicate) foul play in politics such as corruption. He was say under nepotism and cronyism in 1999 and was sentenced to prison for hexad years. In the year 2000, he was sentenced for another nine years for a sodomy case.After his release, Anwar won the Permatang Pauh by- preference in 2008.This marks the rise of a politician after all the struggles he went through.Anwar Ibrahim is a very influential man. He is known to have numerous connections with various politicians in different countries. He too, took part in a lot of uprising political activities.Anwar Ibrahim The RiseThe first stage as we can see began during his years at the University of Malaya. He was the president in many societies. As we can see, he was the president of the Malay Language Society University (PBMUM). Persatuan Bahasa Melayu Universiti Malaya (Malay for University of Malaya Malay Language Society) (PBMUM) is a Malay diction, literature and culture oriented student body that has played an active role in the development of the modern Malay language in Malaysia and Singapore .It is marked as one of the most influential bodies in history of language development in Malaysia. The mission of PBMUM is committed towards the development of the Malay culture and language. The core of PBMUMs principle in 1954 was to persuade the Malayan government to recognise the Malay language as its national language.So, by recognising PBMUMs voice and struggle, the Majlis Undangan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu (Malayan Council) finally agreed on to make the Malay language as Malayas national language on 31 demo 1995. PBMUM believes that it represents the voice of the people. PBMUM stands strongly against racism and upholds the view that its primary principle is in the development of the nation. Anwar, as the president of PBUM, had championed the implementation of Malay as the national language of our nation.By the time he completed his university studies, Anwar was already a popular national figure actively pursuing the reform agenda. He formed the Muslim Youth Movement of Malay sia (ABIM) in 1971. It is to promote and uphold the principles of moderate Islam and to campaign for moral uplifting and social justice. After Anuar had been completed his study in university, he holds many ministerial post. He also had been married to Wan Azizah Wan Ismail. They also have 6 children, Nurul Izzah Anwar Ehsan Anwar Nurul Nuha Anwar and 3 others.In the year 1982, the supporters were astonished by the news saying that Anwar was stepping into the United Malays National Organization (UMNO). Anwar was invited to join the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in 1982 by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. Anwar has also been highly engaged in the international arena.He has been a strong advocate for dialogue among civilizations and has worked tirelessly towards the ideals of the mutual coexistence of civilizations and the interplay of different social, cultural, and spiritual ideas. Between 1995 and 1998, he organized a series of conferences on the Asian Renaissance, ai med at crossing geo-political barriers between societies and nations and creating political structures to promote dialogue across cultures.His first posts in the government were as the Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports in 1983. After that, in 1984 he percentage pointed the agriculture ministry before go Minister of Education in 1986. By then, guesswork was prevalent about Anwars ascent to the Deputy Prime Ministers position as it was a commonly-occurring phenomenon in Malaysia for the Education Minister to assume the position of Deputy PM in the near future.Anwar introduced numerous pro-Malay policies in the national school curriculum when he was in office as Education Minister. He wanted to make many changes in education system, for example one of the study changes that he did was to rename the national language from Bahasa Malaysia to Bahasa Melayu. However, the changes were criticized by Non-Malays. It was because, they had thought this move would cause the younger gene sis to be detached from the national language, since they would attribute it to being something that belongs to the Malays and not to Malaysians. Furthermore in 1991, he had been appointed as Minister of Finance.In 1993, he became Mahathirs Deputy Prime Minister after winning the Deputy Presidency of UMNO against Ghafar Baba. Because of that, Anwar had been accused at using large cash payments to win support. To secure his position as deputy sheriff president of UMNO, Anwar was maintain to have resorted to money politics. Anwars followers were seen by foreign journalists handing out packets of money to guide support of UMNO division leaders.The followers, after a brief interview, are said to be working under Anwars instructions. Anwar was being groomed to succeed Tun Mahathir as Prime Minister, and frequently eluded in public to his son-father relationship with Tun Mahathir. So, Tun Mahathir appointed Anwar to be acting Prime Minister while he took a two-month holiday in early 19 97. However, the relationship with Mahathir had begun to deteriorate, towards the end of the 1990s. It also triggered by their conflicting views on the governance of the country.In Mahathirs absence, Anwar had independently taken radical steps to improve the countrys government activity mechanisms which were in direct conflict with Mahathirs capitalist policies. Issues such as how Malaysia would respond to a financial crisis were often at the forefront of this conflict. Mahathir angered when Anwars frontal attack against what he described as the widespread culture of nepotism and cronyism within UMNO. It shows that as did his attempts to dismantle the protectionist policies that Mahathir had set up.Cronyism was identified by Anwar as a major cause of corruption and misappropriation of funds in the country. The events of young 1998 marked the beginning of Anwars descent within UMNO and his subsequent ouster from the party and from Malaysian politics. Asian Financial Crisis occurred in 1997. During that period Anwar, in his capacity as finance minister, supported the International Monetary memory (IMF) plan for recovery.An austerity package slashed government spending by 18%, cut ministerial salaries and deferred major investment projects were also instituted by him. Large-scale infrastructure development projects known as mega projects were set back as well, despite being a cornerstone of Tun Mahathirs plans for developing the nation. , Anwar declared There is no question of any bailout although many Malaysian companies faced the threat of bankruptcy.The banks will be allowed to protect themselves and the government will not interfere. Anwar advocated a free market approach, humane to foreign investment and trade liberalization, whereas Mahathir favored currency and foreign investment controls, blaming unchecked speculation by currency speculators like George Soros for the shrinking economy. There is disagreement among economists whether Anwars policies wou ld have been more or less successful than Mahathirs.The Malaysian economy had plummeted to its lowest direct yet since the recession of the early-1980s, so by the time Mahathir decided to impose currency controls and preventive measures to keep hedge funds in check Anwar had been named as the Asian of the Year. in 1998 Newsweek magazine.However, in that year, matters between Anwar Ibrahim and Tun Mahathir came to a head around the time of the quadrennial UMNO General Assembly. It would initiate a debate on cronyism and nepotism had been given spy by The Youth wing of UMNO, headed by Anwars associate, Ahmad Zahid Hamidi. The response was swift, as Tun Mahathir issued lists of cronies who had earned from government share allocations and privatizations. Anwar and Zahid, along with several of Anwars other allies also included in the lists.Anwars father and his two brothers are showed to have received shares allocated by the government for the bumiputra. The shares amounted to an amou nt of about more than 7.1 million units in three companies held by his father Datuk Ibrahim Abdul Rahman and his brothers, Farizan and Marzukhi. On 2 May 1998, Dato Ibrahim Abdul Rahman, owned 250,000 shares of Pengkalen Holdings Berhad and 3,790500 on Nissan Industrial oxygen Incorporated.Farizon owned 250,000 shares of Pengkalen Holdings Berhad. Marzukhi owned 2,800,000 shares in Penas Corporation. In the list, Datuk Ibrahim Abdul Rahman owned 2,000,000 shares in Industrial Oxygen Incorporated Bhd on 1993. In 1998, Anwar was also electric chair of the Development Committee of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. During his incumbency he strongly endorsed the initiatives of debt cancellation and relief for poor countries, bad-temperedly those in Africa.Anwar was awarded the Presidential Medal by Georgetown University, USA, and an honorary doctorate by the Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines because of his contributions, in 1996. In 1993, shortly after becoming finance minister, Euromoney named him as one of the top four finance ministers in 1996, Asiamoney named him Finance Minister of the Year. Anwar has held lecturing positions at St. Anthonys College at Oxford and at the School of march on International Studies at Johns Hopkins University since 2004.He was also a Distinguished Visiting Professor in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. Anwar is a consultant to the World Bank in the areas of governance and accountability and was also appointed as honorary president of the London-based group, Accountability in March 2009. He is chairman of the board for the Foundation for the Future and also serves as an adviser to the Peoples Justice troupe (Parti Keadilan Rakyat) in Malaysia. He is an internationally renowned speaker on the subjects of democracy, freedom, governance, Islam and democracy, and the adopt for accountability.In November 2006, Anwar made a public statement indicating that he would run for Parliament in 2008, after his disqualification is expired. Since he was released from the prison, Anwar has been critical about our government policies, which provides the favourable action for the Bumiputeras. One of his quotes policies is units of housing and initial public offerings that must be met.In the year of 1997, Malaysia had to undergo an economic crisis which was known as the Asian economical Crisis. During this turbulent period, Anwar Ibrahim was holding the post as Minister of Finance of Malaysia. As a capable leader, Anwar had taken an action by introducing a series of economic reforms and austerity measure in order to overcome the economic crisis.However, this action was intensified a great negative feedback because Anwar was nominated for the controversial amendments for the Anti decomposition Act. This act was being notorious to raise the power in Anti Corruption Agency. On the other hand, the Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad sacked Anwar from all his post, due to the unsatis factory towards these measurements. As a result, this incident had led to protest from the public and finally formed the Reformasi movement.At first, the Gerakan Reformasi or Reformation started when Anwars wife, Dr Wan Azizah formed Parti Keadilan Nasional (National Justice Party), on 4th April 1999. The party was then joined by the Democratic Action Party (DAP), the Malaysian Peoples Party (PRM) and the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) completing a fully fledged opposition coalition known as, Barisan Alternatif (Alternative Front) to take on the ruling Barisan Nasional (National Front) coalition in the 1999 general elections.For which, in the election held that year, he party entered the campaign with many of its key leaders under arrest and as a result saw it winning only tail fin parliamentary seats in the elections despite gaining 11.67% of the total votes cast. The Barisan Alternatif as a whole gained 40.21% of the total votes cast with PAS gaining 27 seats and DAP gaining ten se ats.After the elections, there were negotiations between Parti Keadilan and Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM) regarding a possible merger of force. Despite some opposition in both parties to the move, a 13 point Memorandum of Understanding was at long last signed by the two parties on 5 July 2002. On 3 August 2003, the new merged entity was officially launched and assumed its current name.(Current main/head advisor of PKR)Anwar Ibrahim controversial issuesThe first issues that that involve Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim was in 1999 when he was super supercharged under the corruption case. He was sentenced to six years in prison. At the time, Dato Seri Mahathir bin Mohammad was the Prime Minister of Malaysia.Dato Seri Mahathir bin Mohammad is the people who expose the Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim activity and his colony. Then, Dato Seri Mahathir Mohammad was direct the Public Prosecutor to charged Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim under the case of corruption. According to the special severalize of the polic e, Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim also involve in illegal activity. Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim was arrested by the police on charged of receiving bribes from the other people using his power as the minister and also the deputy of prime minister at that time.Then the case was bring to the court and the case is the most controversional issues in Malaysia. Then, the case of Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim was bring to the trial. The trial was held at the Federal Court. The chief judge at that time was Tun Haji Mohamed Salleh bin Abbas. Tun Salleh bin Abbas was the Lord President of the Federal Court of Malaya. Because of the constitutional crisis he was laid-off from his post during the 1988 Malaysian Constitutional crisis. At that time, the executive branch tried to interfere with the judicial branch system.Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahims second controversial issues was the case of sodomy. At that particular time, the case is look very weird because it is impossible that he is the homosexual. In 1999, Anwar brought legal action against Prime Minister Mahathir for defamation for allegedly uttering accusations of base acts and calling Anwar a homosexual at a news conference in Malaysia.The police were instructed to investigate the veracity of the claims that Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim was the people who make the sodomy. Then, the trial began and Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim was charged with sodomy. He found guilty and was convicted to 15 years in prison sentence. This is because the person who was charged was the Deputy Prime Minister and Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim also has his own followers.This started a crisis in the government. At this time also, a lot of riot was held. This is because the people were not satisfied with the government who tried to interfere with the judicial system at that time.(Anwar Ibrahim was released from jail in the year 2004, Federal court acquitted Anwar and Sukma of the sodomy charge. However one of the three judges, Abdul Hamid Mohamad said he was inclined to believe that the alleged incident at Tivoli Villa did take place)Other issues, that hit Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim was charged for a second sodomy trial. This time, Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim was charged because of the case sodomy his former private colleague who is Saiful Bukahri. This case was calamity the public because this is the second charged on the same person but different victim. This case also has many doubts about the establish presented by the prosecute officer evidence presented by the prosecute officer evidence presented by the prosecute officer.In this case also, the people involved were for the most part of the politically active individuals. So, it can be a political technique to not trust the people who involve in the case. If the person is involved this case, he or she would be a political person, his reputation in the politic will go down and the people will not trust any longer about him. This is maybe only the political propaganda.Besides that, the competitions between t he political parties nowadays make the authority lose their power. This is maybe the reason why is this particular thing happening now days. The other issues that Involve Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim is about the Malaysian Defence System. The government said that Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim was an America spy in Malaysia.Anwar Ibrahims Contributions In UmnoAnwar Ibrahim joining the United Malays National Organization known as UMNO now days that lead by Dato Seri Mahathir Bin Mohammad, who had become the Prime Minister in 1981. Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim moved up the political ranks very quickly and his first ministerial office was in charged by him is the Minister of Culture, Youth, and Sports in 1983. When he held the post, he administered the government well. At that time also, he had numerous supporters with him.After that, he was the person who headed the Ministry of Agriculture in 1984 and he moved his post to the Minister of Education on 1986. At that time, he made lots of changes in the Malaysian education system. He also made the education system more educate and systematically advanced. During that period, he wanted to make sure that all citizens will be able to get and enjoy a proper education for the benefit of everyone.Then, we have heard about speculations regarding Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim holding the post of the Deputy Prime Minister and it was commonly occurring phenomenon in Malaysia or Minister of Education to assume the position of Deputy Prime Minister in the near future.During his time as Education Minister, Anwar introduced numerous pro-Malay policies in the national school curriculum. One of the major changes that he did was to rename the national language from Bahasa Malaysia to Bahasa Melayu. Non-Malays criticized this move as it would cause the younger generation to be detached from the national language, since they would attribute it to being something that belongs to the Malays and not to Malaysians.In 1991, Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim was appointe d Minister of Finance. When he became the Minister of Finance, the government people says that he takes o lat of the government money for his private usage. In 1993, he became Dato Seri Mahathir Mohammad Deputy Prime Minister after winning the Deputy Presidency of UMNO against Ghafar Baba. There was a answer for on Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim using large cash payments to win support.Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim is alleged to have resorted to money politics to secure his position as deputy president of UMNO. Anwar followers were witnessed by even foreign journalists handing out packets of money to acquire support of UMNO division leaders. These followers are said to be working under Anwars instructions. Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim had a lot of followers and he could achieve many things. Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim at that time had a lot of influence.Towards the end of the 1990s, however, the relationship with Tun Mahathir had begun to deteriorate, triggered by their conflicting views on governance. In Mahathirs absence, Anwar had independently taken radical steps to improve the countrys governing mechanisms which were in direct conflict with Mahathirs capitalist policies. Issues such as how Malaysia would respond to a financial crisis were often at the forefront of this conflict.Anwars frontal attack against what he described as the widespread culture of nepotism and cronyism within UMNO (and the ruling coalition as a whole) angered Mahathir, as did his attempts to dismantle the protectionist policies that Mahathir had set up. Cronyism was identified by Anwar as a major cause of corruption and misappropriation of funds in the country. The events of late-1998 marked the beginning of Anwars descent within UMNO and his subsequent ouster from the party and from Malaysian politics.Dark period of Anwar IbrahimDark period of Anwar Ibrahim was started on 2 September, when Prime Minister Mahathir dismissed Anwar from the government. He was no longer a deputy prime minister and also fin ance minister. He was also expelled from UMNO.Before that, the Youth wing of UMNO, headed by Anwars associate Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, gave notice that it would initiate a debate on cronyism and nepotism. The response was swift, as Prime Minister Mahathir issued lists of cronies who had benefited from government share allocations and privatizations. The list included Anwar and Zahid, along with several of Anwars other allies.Anwars trial and subsequent credendum were widely discredited by the international community. Many world leaders called for his release from prison. On September 29, 1998 Anwar calculateed in court and pleaded innocent to charges of corruption and sodomy. The black eye was explained by Mahathir Mohamad and Rahim Noor as being self-inflicted and caused by pressing a glass over his eyes. Only after a Royal Commission was convened did Rahim Noor consider that he had administered the beating to Anwar.Rahim apologized for the incident in August 2005. Rahim Noor was eve ntually charged for the assault and was given a two-month prison sentence and fined 2,000 ringgit.In 1999, he was sentenced to six years in prison for corruption, and in 2000, to another nine years for sodomy. The police were instructed to investigate the veracity of the claims that he was being a homosexual guy. Anwar was charged with sodomy, convicted and given a 15 year prison sentence.Anwars trial and subsequent conviction were widely discredited by the international community. Many world leaders called for his release from prison. In 1999, Anwar brought legal action against Prime Minister Mahathir for defamation for allegedly uttering accusations of immoral acts and calling Anwar a homosexual at a news conference in Malaysia. However, this verdict was partially upset(a) in 2004, resulting in Anwars release from prison. A panel of three judges of the Federal Court (Malaysias highest court) overturned the sodomy conviction by 2 to 1, finding contradictions in the prosecutions ca se on 2, September 2004.After Anwar released from prison, he was reportedly suffering from serious back problem. His family said was the result of the beating by the ex-police chief. the UMNO-owned newspaper, the New Straits Times, alleged that the injuries had actually been caused by a fall from a horse in 1993 during Anwars tenure as deputy prime minister. His wife had argued that during his imprisonment that he required treatment for his condition at a clinic in Germany.The government refused, claiming that such treatment was readily available in Malaysia, offering medical treatment if necessary. However, in September 2004, after the Federal Court quashed his conviction for sodomy, Anwar was free to travel to Munich for back surgery. On August 28, 2008, Tan Sri Pandikar Amin Mulia. formally declared Anwar, the leader of the 3-party opposition alliance. Anwar continued to attack Najib first day as prime minister, stating he found inconsistencies in the latters decision to release 13 Internal Security Act detainees.He said as long as the ISA existed, Barisan Nasional (National Front) could still detain citizens at will. Anwar has already missed several deadlines he himself set for the transfer of power, each of which came and went the most recent was Tuesday 16 September 2008. Deputy Prime Minister Najib Razak chose that day to initiate a broadband internet program Anwar opposes, saying that he had not doubted that the government would still be in office on 16 September. Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi too pointed out that Anwar had missed his own deadline, and dismissed his claim to have secured the defection of 30 MPs.On 24 October 2008, Anwar admitted problems with his stalled bid to lean UMNOs majority, saying that Pakatan Rakyat is running out of options to create a majority. His credibility among ordinary Malaysians has been somewhat dented after Sept 16 and the new promise of forming the politics has not generated the sort of anticipation or exciteme nt as before. Media within the country have taken an increasingly hostile view towards Anwars protestations and failed threats to assemble a majority government.Anwar Ibrahim has voiced support to allow the former leader of the Communist Party of Malaya, Chin Peng to be allowed to return to Malaysia. However, his remarks have been slammed by UMNO leaders who called them regrettable to accusation as a plot to gain support of the Chinese community.On June 29, 2008, an online news portal Malaysia Kini, reported that an aide of Anwar Ibrahim had lodged a police report claiming that he had been sodomised by Anwar. The news has since been updated with reports that SMS messages are being distributed claiming that the person who made the report is Anwars aide, Mohd Saiful Bukhari Azlan, who was arrested and allegedly forced to make a false confession. The same textual matter message also claimed the possibility of Anwar being arrested.Malaysian police issued an arrest warrant on July 15 fo r Anwar Ibrahim, and investigating Officer Jude Pereira signed and issued the letter requiring Anwar to appear at a police station for questioning before Wednesday at 2 p.m. local time.Anwar has said that the possibility of a prison sentence as a result of these allegations could be seen as an attempt to remove leadership and transference of power issues caused by his growing support and by-election victories. He also reaffirms his purity and cites proof in the form of medical reports.Conspiracy to Bring Anwar Ibrahim downFinancial CrisisDuring the year of 1997 saw Malaysias economy being affected by the Asian Financial Crisis. Anwar Ibrahim, as the Finance Minister during that period, in his capacity as a Finance Minister, has taken action to support the International Monetary Fund (IMF) plan for recovery. He also instituted an austerity package that slashed the government spending by 18% by cutting down ministerial salaries and deferred major investment projects.Not only that, la rge-scale infrastructure development projects known as mega projects were set back as well. Anwar had advocated a free market approach, sympathetic to foreign investment and trade liberalization, whereas Mahathir favored currency and foreign investment control, blaming unchecked speculation by currency speculators for the shrinking economy.Anwar Ibrahim has also instituted a series of economic reforms and austerity measures in response. These actions were exacerbated when he tabled controversial amendments to the Anti Corrupt Act that sought to increase the powers of the Anti Corruption Agency. Dr. Mahathir, who was the Prime Minister at that time, disagreed with the measures taken by Anwar and had ultimately sacked Anwar from all of his posts and positions.In my own opinion, there is a great disagreement among economist whe

Business Leadership: Chanda Kochar

Business Leadership Chanda KocharIf cardinal monitors much of the success that most recognized reapings tolerate had in the past, one would realize that all these products apply relied on proper financial supply to restrain it notice. It requires a style of its own, a craftsmanship that dope aid in distinguishing a product from every(prenominal) other in the market. The role of the loss attractor who manages this is very signifi trampt in making it happen. This raises the interest in me to pursue a cargoner leading me to be the Chief Financial Officer (chief financial officer) of a company. The sort of loss attractionship skills necessary in making it happen is exhaustive in nature. It covers areas related to sales management, product management, advertisement, promotions, channel management, financial planning and accountancy. With such diversity, a CFOs role is highly challenging from a leaders perspective. He is needful to be highly analytical in his day-to-day appr oach as well as equally creative in planning his finances to lead the company to success. sluice those areas which do not feed a direct impact on finance and accounting are in some manner associated with reaching the financial objectives. So, a CFO has to co-ordinate with even such segments including stand upment technology, public affair, HR management, marketing management, production etc. This certainly helps in run intoing the challenges that a CFO has to take care of. One cigaretteful very well netherstand this in call of co-ordination that the CFO ineluctably to have with the in bodation technology department. Every promotional ad that is made these days is dependent on the extent to which a company croupe afford it. As for example the famous zuzu ads given by Vodafone are highly technology dependent. In other words, a CFO, rite from the time he is chosen as one has to deal with the most complex of the challenges of the embodied world. (McGirt, 2007)As far as my pe rsonal leadership philosophy is concerned, a leader is required to be a organisation thinker. He is required to take care of all the mint hiting under him. The entire arranging should be worked as centralized and problems related to all need to be solved by a leader. This screw be seen from all the leadership dimensions persistent in the company. As far as motivation is concerned, there should be no rivalry on grounds of favouritism in this regard. In terms of operations, a leader has to delay that there is equal contribution from all. It is alto ownher a leader and his ways that shadow make this a possibility.Also, a leader should ensure that every individual works to the best of his abilities no count what separate or group he is working for. At the same time, he should h middle-aged in the makeupal strategy at the broader train in mind before taking any ratiocinations. Precisely, a leader is supposed to take charge of firmness all brainstorming sessions resultin g due to conflicts in views at the governing bodyal aim. Also, with strong domain knowledge, a leader is supposed to ensure that any deficiency in terms of talent and expertise in the organization is sorted with immediate effect.Another valu fitted parameter here is that a leader is anticipate to have integrity in his approach. This is because however then would he be able to sort out an example for his hunters. Once the leader is honest in his own ways, his squad would work to the best of its capabilities. This is expected to be truer for a job resembling that of a chief financial officer who has a big team to follow and integrity be begins the most essential part in all the team members.Five Most important leadership skillsIn the modern world of today, where one force out just not afford to lose out on any grounds with the competitors, an organization has to do all that it can so as to turn out most effective. Under the conditions, effective leadership has been found to be the most significant trait to deal with the issues in the internal organization. This has been seen in case of a CFO and is viable for every other designation a person might hold. We are all aware of the fact that an organization can just not do with a half-hearted approach of the members. To make the organizations streamlined, a leader has to play an important role. Leader is a very commonalty personality essential in every area of an organization. Leadership is the inherent quality which has to be beared in abundance for effective leadership. The most important functionality of leadership is to motivate race to work so as to have seemly efficiency from the organizations perspective. This is a characteristic which is common in all the skills that a leader carries. Leadership can overly be said to be the process by which a leader has the social influence on the people by providing them support and aids who are working for the accomplishment of a common goal. It is leadershi p that draws maximum contribution from an individual. A leader mustiness possess quality leadership. He could also provide people working for him the social security so that they feel secure under him and should also be able to motivate them for common beliefs.Also, leaders enjoy a flake of powers in an organization. With these powers leaders are said to be engaged in power-politics that is using the self-confidence for its own sake. Some authors reflect it to be unethical use of administrative power. Leaders face a lot of problems in an organization in terms of issues related to power and politics. The first one is favoring of own people in organization. Others are related to unethical use of the authority in business process. sounding at the diversities in which a CFO has to deal in, it is highly likely that there would be cases pertaining to power and politics. A leader has to be skilled ample to deal with the same. Considering all these different situations and responsibili ties, it is certain that a leader requires having at least some basic skills in him so as to deal with corporate culture effectively. These traits have been listed as follows (Mason, 2011)Systems Thinker A leader should take the entire organization into account before addressing any issue. Considering the competition in every field, every corner of an organization needs to be checked of its operations so as to provide the best possible last-place services or products. This does not only include those areas that are internal to an organization. External fundamental interaction has included the outside stakeholders in the organization system as well. A leader has to take care of this region with equal zeal as he does of the internal region of the organization. Every bit of favouritism should be avoided and performance judgement methods should felicitate only those employees who deserve. (Shead, 2010). From this, perspective, there are eight different traits required in a leader to b e a systems thinker. These have been listed as follows forth looking This guides the leader toward successful completion of the project or work. By having an optimistic idea of the entire organization, a leader is expected to raise the level of confidence in the team members as well as in him. Ultimately, it is the overall progress of the organization which is expected by a leader.Honest This helps in building a non-partial and efficient relationship with both the upper administration and employees hence completing the entire internal organization. Having this approach would set examples for the team members to follow. This would be beneficial in the long run. So, this trait of a systems thinker pluss a leaders probability of success.Broad-minded It is necessary for a leader to be unshockable so that small outlets do not create hurdles during work. At times, a leader is expected to ignore a number of activities in the system for the ultimate benefit of the system. So, ignorance ac companied by patience helps in making this happen.Ambitious An ambitious leader can handle new and creative projects more(prenominal) willingly. Being a systems thinker, a leader can very well distribute work load amongst the organizational members. This would make it easy for the new projects to be handled. A reason for the same is that only a leader who is a systems thinker would be able to know distinguished qualities of every individual in spite of appearance an organization, so using his ambitious nature to work it best for overall success.Competent at that place is competition in business everywhere. The leader must be competitive in order to survive. Only a systems thinker can afford to be competitive. He would thus know the areas which would serve as effect competencies for his team and improve accordingly to beat the competitors in every respect.Caring A caring leader motivates and manages custody more efficiently. Here, caring does not only refer to the employees. It also relates to the reputation of the organization. This is where a systems approach comes into play. It is the emotion that a leader vexs for the benefit of the organization that takes his team forward.Inspiring A leader who inspires his workforce retrieve around can extract more from his employees. Here again, the mentioned workforce is in totality. The motivation appeals of systems thinker is highly significant in making it happen.Communication Skills A leader should be able to communicate all his ideas and perspective so that it reaches even the bottom most classification of employees. In fact personal interaction should be most possible so that it is justifiable to all. Communication skills required in a leader can be better understood as followsInterpersonal Role This is a role of a leader that provides information to all the other parts of the organization. Also its purpose is to receive feedback from the rest of the organization. The following(a) characteristics come un der this-Figurehead A leader should create an impression amongst the organizational members so that his orders are respected and he is considered worthy decent to have the final say in organizational issues. This can be authentic by giving equal opportunities to all the members. In other words, a leader has to be a common favorite for an organization to succeed. Here, the concept of election can be taken into account for getting the best results. One must understand that it is the job of a leader to create an employee friendly environment. This is much associated with the organizational success. The reason for the same is that once the employees are contented enough, they would be ready to rejoin the best possible and hence make the best fortunes for the organization. (Communication skills for the Leader and Manager , 2011)-Liaison Communication skills are not only handy inwardly the organization. An equitable duty exists for maintaining outside relations. A leader is a represen tative of the organization. The ways in which he deals with the people external to the organization, decides the forward link. Patience as well as intelligence at the same time is extremely fruitful in making this a possibility. None of the functionalities in a system would be required if a leader lacks in this very requisite.Informational Role This performs a processing on the information provided by the organization and gives it to endingal authority. Its basic functions are-Monitor There are numerous activities going around in the vicinity of an organization. A leader is expected to manage them all. But when the strength of an organization is big, monitoring every department would not be possible for a leader. Here team work puzzles important. A leader would monitor the different teams in on organization by maintaining terms with the sub level leaders.-Disseminator Every bit of information that originates from a leader should be disseminated at an appropriate time to all the de partments of the organization. This has a number of benefits associated with it. The first is that once the shop floor staff knows the strategies of the organization, they would be able to incline themselves accordingly. Also, they would develop respect for the leader having been given the privilege to have entranceway to vital information about the organization. This ultimately lifts the work spirit of the entire organization. The skill also lies in laying the boundary in the midst of the confidential information about the organization and access of the same to the employees. Every level should certainly have authenticity of information. So, a leader has to establish a trade-off between accessibility and security at the same time. This is where the disseminator quality of a leader comes into play. (Forster, 2010)-Spokesperson This is another important chat skill of a leader. No matter who does the backhand work and the scripting, it is finally the leader who is the spokesperson. So, this trait determines the presentation skills of a leader. It marks the beginning of association of an organization with another.Good Listener A leader should give equal opportunities to all his team members so that they can contribute to the organizations welfare. A direct interaction of a simple salesman with customers could be very helpful for the leader to represent changes if required.The following are the common errors made by the leaders at the workplace which results in disturbed organization of employees and colleagues sometimes when a leader is not a unassailable listener. This typically reduces the loyalty of employees towards the leader. It also makes the employees less satisfied by the job environment and thus results in increase job turnover and thus decreased productivity.Feeling that the leader alone is responsible for carrying out the responsibilities of an organization can widen the gap between the employees and the leader. each the skills that have been d iscussed so far would go for a waste if this persists in a system.If a leader wants everybody to like him, he would probably never be happy with his team. This would result in failure of substantial magnitude. Whenever there is a brainstorming session, there would have to be a solution. It is the job of a leader to be wise enough to get to the correct conclusion, but this is likely to create dissatisfaction for those speaking against the final solution. The leader has to make an attempt to convince the showdown but not waste resources in overdoing it. Until or unless there is no bit of favoritism involved in it, it would be safe for the organization.Excess socialise can also be a hindrance for the organization. It is a challenge for a leader to be able to draw the line between the organization and its external associations. An excess of socialization would reduce the bargaining power of the system. It can have a magnitude of affecting the core competency of the system as well.Also , if a leader is always in a spree to prove that he has the best solution, would go for nullifying his effect. A leader should always appreciate others solutions and only under suitable conditions he should discard others says.Becoming friend of the employees is never a good practice. A leader is supposed to create an interactive automatic teller machine but here again there should always be a difference between the leader and the team members. If this does not persist, the team would lose accountability. There would be nobody reporting to the leader and the work discipline would vanish. Hence, here again a leader has to maintain a balance in the work culture.A leader is not supposed to do everything himself. This would increase the probability of dissatisfaction amongst the team members because of work scarcity. Also, a feeling of mistrust starts to exist under the conditions. So, a leader is supposed to trust his team mates and distribute work justifiably between each member.Thes e are the common errors made by the leaders at the workplace which results in disturbed organization of employees and colleagues sometimes. This typically reduces the loyalty of employees towards the leader. Hence, a leader is expected to keep his ears open to every requirement of the organization and as seen in almost all the cases maintain a balance in communication. (POSNER, 2007)Innovation In this world of today where demand lives on the counselor of intention, a leader is expected to be highly modernistic in his means to be able to replace every function as in short as it becomes traditional no matter how quickly it happens. Innovation does not only relate to using new technology in improving the tone at which an organization works. (Forster, 2010) In fact every dimension of the system requires innovation. If one considers the human resource system for example, it would need innovation in its management. In the recent days, there used to trade unions in every organization. Today there is no room for such trade unions. As soon as the corporate world saw the need to put it to an end, it did so which has made todays smarter employees easy to be managed. Also, the style of leadership needs to be innovative these days. The old system of tall hierarchies should be removed completely. The degree of customization in this respect depends upon the perception of the leader about his team members. Also, the degree of motivation in the employees suggests the typewrite of organizational structure followed. For an organization where the employees are motivated from initial times, a flat hierarchy could be followed. For others it would be customized as required. Also, a leader is expected to show innovation in the manner in which he approaches the external world. Even in B2C businesses, the customers are smart enough to seek value access whenever they are approached. Innovation in terms of technology, work process and delivery is highly material under the circumsta nces. If this does not take place, the organization is bound to return to competition. Also, managing a business requires innovation. The entire supply chain from procurement to customer service requires innovation. A very recent manner is the use of innovative IT solutions in the operational process. This can be possible by using innovative solutions of ERP, CRM etc. It would automate the process as and when a leader feels that one should incorporate changes in the same, he should go for some innovative measures of doing it. (Lee, 2011)Decision-making abilities A leader should have the prowess to be fast in decision making at the same time consider all the pros and cons of the decisions. A lot of the organizations effectiveness depends on the decision making capabilities of the leader. Here again, there should be consensus of the entire team before a decision is made. This means that whenever required, a leader should have the confidence to gather the entire team at work and reach to the most viable decision taking every constraint into account before reaching to conclusions. There a number if errors a leader is likely to develop in this area. They have been mentioned as follows (Forster, 2010)Making instinctive decision-The world is changing every moment. Under such situations, it is not feasible for a leader to make natural decisions. There are a number of occasions where what seems likely is not what is suitable. This requires that a leader is not lethargic in his ways. A natural decision would never lead to accelerated progress. Current demands which are mostly latent in nature do not recommend such form of decision making. So, a leader should be appropriate rather than predictable which is also a threat from the competitive point of view.Being defensive when mistaken- A leaders confidence is seen during times when he is actually mistaken. Rather than becoming defensive under such conditions, a leader is expected to react in the best possible way so as to resurrect from this situation. This will test the leader of his ability to adapt to change in policy. Also, it is fact that attainment comes from failures. A leader is expected to believe in this fact and follow the same so that his team members also get the inner strength to get over their mistakes hence improving the morale of their entire team.Giving praise to employees for their answers- There is always a difference between appreciation and praising. A leader is expected to maintain this difference so that none of his team mates develop an impression of favoritism in any of his deeds. Consistent appreciation for good work would result into a healthy competition within the organizational environment where as praising a person again and again can even lead to high attrition rates.Development of three leadership skillsCommunication Skills This can be developed by consistently understanding the needs of the corporate both within and outside the organization. The reason for the s ame is that once there is sufficient understanding, communication would be made easier. It is not easy to develop communication skills in a system where there is substantial bit of diversity. We have seen the case of a Chief Financial Officer. The team or the group of teams that he has to handle is huge. So, understanding the needs of every person would be highly complex if one takes personal interviews. A consistent round of questionnaire should thus be distributed amongst all the team members from time to time. This questionnaire should include all aspects of work culture. Also, it should have a portion for personal views of each employee. This is highly important because better communication can only be established if a leader is able to understand the views of all the employees and the other team members who work under him. Even the factors which are taken into consideration in the questionnaire should depend on the type of situation existing in the industry at the time of surve y. The reason for the same is that, it will fetch the latest problems that people have and be more effective in decision making. As for example, during the full point of recession the requirements of team members would have been different from otherwise normal occasions. As such periods are highly critical a leader needs to have even better communication with the team members. So, questionnaires need to be customized accordingly to reflect the time of distribution.Also, there should be training period to improve communication. Working with a diversity of people would mean that there would be different levels of communication between the team members. This could be with respect to language, motivation, level of understanding etc. This can be developed in a span of 4-5 years by getting across all the different situations of business that can arise in an organization.Communication can also be improved by shifting designations. In a span of around 4-5 years, if a person shifts his posi tion in the company, he would get to interact with a greater diversity of population. As a result of this, he would be acquainted with more number of situations in hence develop into a better communicator of things. The position of a CFO should only be given to that person who has the experience of leading different categories of teams so that his experience can be put to use.If every coveted place of an organization is given on the basis of diversities in which a person has been under, it would not only increase the team spirit in the individuals but also make them better communicators. (Leadership Communication Skills The Importance of Connection, 2008)Innovation Innovation is a part of the original thought-process of an individual. But, it can be developed with respect to an industry depending upon the experience and the honesty of work so that a leader is able to understand the marker better and come up with suitable ideas at the time it is required. It is never an easy task to develop a project or a product for a company. It is also true that this cant be done alone by practising any form of leadership. As it has been mentioned earlier, a leader is expected to have interactions with the research and development department of the company. This is one of the areas from where an innovation proceeds. A leader should be aware of all these innovations and make note of the reactions of the market after every new innovation made in the company. This would give him a better view of the corporate environment which in turn would develop his innovation skills in about 4 to 5 years time. This is a reactive approach towards innovation. A leader can also look for some proactive approaches in this regard. As for example, if in about 2 years, a leader feels that he is capable enough to understand the latent demands of the customers, he can design products that have no relevancy with the past. A lot of stress would have to be given on reliability tests of the product bef ore it is launched. Here, again the communication skills of the leader are under scrutiny considering the challenge behind taking up the job. There could be various example of doing this. For example the introduction of i-phone was a complete innovation of its leader, Steve Jobs who has enough experience to go for such risky innovations. The basic factor for success of this gadget is that it completely satisfies the latent demand of the customers of the product. Similarly, when Reliance introduced a phone in India that was priced as low as 75 Dhms, it sent a wave of demand across the nation. Here again proactive form of leadership can be seen in use.Not only in the form of products, but innovation can be seen in the form of marketing to a tremendous extent. As for example, the different forms of advertisements would largely follow innovation. We have all seen the latest zuzu ad given by Vodafone. This form of advertisement had never been seen before. But, no matter what age group o ne might belong to, it is highly appreciated by all. So, this teaches a lesson to all the leaders that one can make innovations not only in the form of introducing new products or services in a company. This can also be done by presenting the same product but in an innovative manner so as to attract the crowd even further.Innovation within the organization management has also become highly important these days. HR system would not work in the same manner as mentioned earlier. A company should always use measures like free shares of the company to its employees to show them a variety of benefits. This would raise the level of satisfaction. Benefits like holiday packages, free passes, increased breaks, special meals etc can add to innovative practices in increasing HR satisfaction. Only an experience of 4-5 years would make one understand the relevance of each of these approaches in the HR system.Decision-making capabilities This trait can also be developed over time, concentrating mo re on the necessities of the customers and the requirements of the employees at the same time. Decision-making abilities develop as a result of confidence. One needs to be confident in his own mental abilities so that he can envision the situation around him which would give him the guts to take decisions. Being in the industry for about 4-5 years would mean that a leader would be able to analyse the world around him. One cant state the level of analysis that a leader would be able to do. It all depends on how much he can break down a situation, looking at the individual parts and then providing an overview of all of them. Also, decision making can be improved by thinking critically. This means that a leader must develop the ability to be an optimist and a pessimist at the same time. Years of experience would bring forward all the possible consequences and the good possibilities of a decision. A leader should be able to grasp those that are more likely to occur before he can make a decision. For example, for every icon that is released at the box office, there is always a critical review made. If in a span of 4-5 years time a leader can make such a critical review before even the release of a movie, he can consider himself a good decision maker. Development of decision-making skills would also come from being able to understand the value of research. Rather than wasting too much in a particular direction, a good decision maker would know exactly what would be most beneficial. Research conducted by Coke and Pepsi is a highly suitable example to display window the developed leadership abilities in this respect. Also, a leader can develop decision making by being able to manage the conflicts that arise within him and in the world around him. All these characteristics make up the decisive behaviour techniques including all the assumptions of risk in it. The developed parameters of a capable decision making leader would be his self-awareness, skill acquisition an d improved competence. Also, an ability to appreciate decentralized decision making developed over a period of 4-5 years with the above mentioned characteristics completes a leader in this context. (Lessons in Leadership Decision Making A Must for Success, 2010)Woman Business LeaderHere, I would talk about the highly capable Chanda Kochar who is the MD and CEO of ICICI Bank in India. This great business leader even without completing a half century of her life holds this herculean responsibility. Also, ICICI bank, that she leads is the largest private bank in India and on an overall basis, it is the second largest bank in the entire nation. She is the head of the Corporate oculus of this bank. She was born and brought up in a city called Jaipur in western Rajasthan in India. She received a bachelors degree from Jai Hind College in Mumbai and subsequently prosecute Cost accountancy in the year 1982. She has done her MBA from Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai. She has a financial background. In her academic career itself, she received two of the most prestigious awards of all times. She was the proud winner of Wockhardt Gold Medal for Excellence in Management Studies and also the J.N. Bose Gold Medal in Cost Accountancy for being the topper in that very year. The best of all this is that both these awards come in the same year which just personifies her domain knowledge proficiency. Mrs. Kochar has consistently appeared in the Fortunes List of Most omnipotent Women in Business from 2005. This is even before she got her current authority. Moreover, she started from the twentieth position in Forbes 100 Most Powerful Women list in 2009. She has also been dignified with Padma Bhushan award which is the third highest civilian award in India. ( handlers Profile, 2010)Mrs. Kochars professional career started in the year 1984 and can be divided into 3 phases. The first phase is that from 1984-1993. It was in the year 1984 that she joined The Ind ustrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Ltd (ICICI Ltd.) as a management trainee. From the untimely years itself she got the herculean task of Project Appraisal and Monitoring. This shows the mark of leadership in an individual who is given such tasks also in diversified ranging from Petrochemicals to cementum including Textile and Paper. The second phase was that from 1993 to 2006. It was in this intermediate phase of her life that she was sent to be a part of the core team of the bank and set it right. After 10 years of working in the same bank she was given the responsibility to be the General Manager in 1994 followed by which she became the delegate General Manager in the year 1996. At that time she was heading the Infrastructure Industry Group of the bank. Her basic focus was to create expertise in Power, Telecom and Transportation sectors. Then the major turn round in her career was seen in the year 1988 when she became the General Manager of the bank and was cons idered suitable enough to lead the Major Client Group. In about a decade from then she started to handle Strategy and E-Commerce divisions of the bank as well. It was under her leadership in the year 2000 that ICICI started Retail business and in only 5 years it became the largest retail finance in India. Then in 2001, her qualities gave her the position of Executive Director from where she heads the entire bank. Finally, the third phase started from 2006 and c

A Discussion On Police Discretion Criminology Essay

A Discussion On Police Discretion Criminology EssayDomestic forcefulness, is associated with a series of long term physical problems on base it will have as well as mental factors which is a serious health problem. The growing concerns of force play against woman ca lend oneselfd the adjoin of more than natural law force officers to take additional shifts to cover the victims of domestic vehemence. However, with t chapeau the legal philosophy similarly has to go through a great deal of discretion. The police department will give the officers indirectly or clearly the choice what laws they want to enforce and when, most of the time police officers already k forthwith which exemplars prosecutors will trammel and which ones the judge will convict. In roughly cases police officers have already been persuaded from many an(prenominal) of the shoemakers last cases they had to deal with, which kind-hearted of makes their decision easier. Research shows that most of the l eashs atomic number 18 made by the officers if there was physical handicap done.Domestic violence is a growing issue and it has an impact on may different psyches such as, partners, parents, children, and extended family members. In many cases domestic violence layab away often be fatal , but it can also be prevented and treated. Many cases allow in spousal battery, inner abuse, child abuse to head for a few. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, also calls domestic violence intimate partner violence is well defined as physical or sexual violence or even psychological and emotional abuse that is intended to hurt a spouse, or even a current spouse (CDC, 2012). The come to for disease control also defines intimate partner violence spouse abuse, battering, and even marital rape (CDC, 2012).The community and society is a perfect direct and it has the ability to cherish and separate the risk of such vast growing violence. Woman which is most exposed to domestic violen ce have two types of solutions that they are able to use. One, police officers can hold on or charge an individual and prosecutors can follow a criminal restrictive. Secondly, victims of domestic violence can also follow civil actions against the offenders by filing for a protective prescribe in which case it can be temporary or permanent. These kinds of order can be issued to individuals that are involved in an abusive relationship, which will keep the abuser from contacting the victim. A temporary restraining order can be issued which can last up to one to two weeks, after that a compulsory hearing is set to determine the reason why the individual needs a restraining order and for how long. In 1994 the Violence Against Women Act was passed, with that the demand for police officer also grew higher to protect domestic violence victims. At the same time more funding was passed to make it mandatory for police officers to arrest an individual based on probable cause and to determin e that a crime has been committed and the somebody in wonder has committed the actual crime. Additionally, the enactment of the primary offender concept and a speedy prosecution were also ordered by the state. With that the summation in domestic violence arrest was rising to 30 percent and higher. The federal government spends a large amount of money, to encourage local areas to retrieve the cause of domestic violence and to treat it as a serious crime and to attack these kinds of crimes with force. There are many other states that are now passing the law to make it mandatory for police officers to arrest individuals that are under a restraining order (Holmes, Sylvia I. Mignon William M., 1995). However, under this new law the officers can use less discretion. The study showed that incidence under that new law showed the relations with arrests and the offending arrests are less and offending based on reports and victims story.The spectrum of the criminal justice starts with the police itself. Discretion is distinct for the officer to have the power to make his or her choice based on possible options of actions or inactions. Police officers implement a large amount of discretion that comes with their job description as a protector of the community and their safety and also for the individuals that are unable to protect themselves. There is a plethora of explore that has been done on police discretion it lists as many as 140 titles related to discretion of the police in criminal justice alone and the the way discretion is used and how it affects their decision making.There are many factors to consider that major power influence police discretion when arresting individuals such as, race ethnicity and how serious the offense is (Justice, U.S. Department of, 1999).There has been many debates on the advantages and disadvantages of a mandatory arrest and it depends on terce of import questions. One, will mandatory arrests emergence or decrease the violence f or victims? Two, will mandatory arrests encourage or discourage victims, and lastly should domestic violence be treated the same way as a crimson crime (Barata, Paula C Schneider, Frank, 2004)? Increase or decrease, the argument in support of mandatory arrest for violence can be decreased due to the warning signs that are affected by the abuser. This means that abusers will learn to control their violent behavior due to the fact that they are afraid of future arrests. Studies have shown that mandatory arrests will control domestic violence. However, in some other studies the increase of domestic violence has been noticed when following the mandatory arrest procedure, and most of the victims were unmarried or the abuser was unemployed (Barata, Paula C Schneider, Frank, 2004). In this case it guide some to believe that mandatory arrests do not work on lowering the domestic violent crimes on the contrary it actually escalated the violence for some victims.Empowerment or disempowermen t, has the possibility that mandatory arrests may disempower a victim or survivor, because it take the womans right forth to make her own decision to a much more powerful court system that has not been exactly the sensitive womans rights (Barata, Paula C Schneider, Frank, 2004). There are also many reasons why an mistreat woman may not want to follow through with the abusers arrest, for the following reason she might be afraid of retaliation, financial issues that it might cause to number a few. Certainly, a court system has the assumption that the victim does not what might be best for the family and to a victim that might come crosswise as condescending. In some cases there was also an increase of concern that there might be a dual arrest under the mandatory arrest law. What makes matters worse is when a victim is arrested that would be a great disempowerment.However, it has been used in the past that when the empowerment of a woman is interpreted away , the implementation of a mandatory arrest is placed. So by letting the victim have some empowerment it will ensure that her complaint is taken seriously, which makes her think her police is on her side. Some believe that mandatory arrests empower women by limiting police discretion and that leads to a non bias arresting. It is also observe that woman who has increased empowerment which is more likely in woman that are a minority, they are more likely to use the police run to stop violent crimes from happening.(Barata, Paula C Schneider, Frank, 2004) noted that for instance family violence shoulcategorizeded differently then stranger sault. Some believe that police officers should lonesome(prenominal) handle only real dangerous crimes, and that the rest of the crimes should be handled outside the criminal system like privet counseling. Mandatory arrest laws need to be replaced with organized police discretion, which include using the victims decision and using it for example taking the item to a safe pl ace like shelter or such. Some say hat revoking of the mandatory arrest law would make things worse in controlling domestic violence, and would return the violence to its normal stage. Criminalizing domestic violence will send a big message to the public that this kind of behavior is unacceptable and will not be tolerated.The mandatory arrest debate produced a draw of attention for much of the problem of policing and domestic violence. However, whether or not it is beneficial to have a mandatory arrest law for victims of domestic violence frame questionable. After carefully observing the evidence pertaining to the violence issue, it has generated inconsistent findings in the conclusion. Two of the findings on the issues of arrests whether or not it empowers or disempowers victims of domestic violence, is an issue that might be better off if it is dealt with inside/outside the criminal justice system. But it has nonoperational to be examined with research and it is mainly a specu lation. There is still important information that is yet to be studied, and that is the victims themselves, and how they preserve the mandatory arrest law. Do victims of domestic violence care about the enactment of the mandatory arrest and what do they observe as being an advantage or disadvantage of the action. Whether victims feel threatened or safer with this particular law and are they more enliven or discouraged is the question. In recent times victims of domestic violence were clearly not in a talking mood. Fortunately, there has been an outpouring of research in recent years that has studied victims and their presumption of the criminal justice system. There has been only a few studies that show the consideration for victims and the support for a mandatory arrest (Barata, Paula C Schneider, Frank, 2004). It has shown that most of the victims are supporting the mandatory law not necessarily for them but for the other individuals put on. Though, either one of the studies ta ke away deep enough into the above mentioned issues that have been stressed in the debate about mandatory arrest. It is the strategic effect on the levels of violence, of empowerment and if it demonstrates that domestic violence is looked at as a serious crime. The main influence of this study is that it goes much further into the question if victims care for the mandatory arrest law and it also examines the view on the issues. This study is also useful to see how flexible as well as not so flexible the study is.The main idea of this study is to find out what victims think of the mandatory arrest law and if it has an advantage or a disadvantage. The main point is to find out to what degree victims support this kind of law. Individuals have been asked in the study if the mandatory arrest is sufficient enough to keep violent offenders away from victims and the second question was should domestic violence be treated as other violent crimes. Additionally, the support for mandatory arres t was also measured if it was mainly for the victims own case in terms of domestic violence or if it was measured in a general sense. Results showed which was expected that victims supported the policy for domestic violence very strongly for more general purpose than for their own cases. It is clear that many of the participants in this above study are more interested in the benefit that it helps other individuals before it helps the victims itself.As mentioned at the beginning domestic violence has long term physical problems alongside it will have also psychological factors which is a serious health problem. Which make police discussion a huge problem in some cases it is whether to arrest some offenders and permit others to keep taking part in criminal misconduct. It is the way police departments implement this discretion and what consequences it might have in the long run. However, when police officers have to semi a domestic violent case it can be very stressful for an officer, because they only have a split second to think. When officers have teensy-weensy to no time to think it makes it very hard to determine what kind of discretion is appropriate and what is not. In many cases it is very hard to make this kind of decision on a short notice, however as mentioned above many of the officers already have a hunch from previous cases if the victim is reflexion things for their own personal gain or if they are telling the truth.In conclusion all of the above main issues mentioned earlier on mandatory arrests were address to variable degrees in individuals that participated in the open ended response. Much of the studies that took place was very encouraging because it showed that the discussion are important for the victims concerns. However, in recent research it was highlighted that some issues such as, the effects it had on supporting or non supporting of mandatory arrests. Domestic violence was certainly a noticeable concern for many of the victims in th is study, though it was not their first priority in their decision to support this kind of policy. For that reason, it would be a mistake to use the study to increase or decrease in domestic violence to measure the achievement or the disappointment of the issue. Many other similar studies have been conducted, and many of the women act in this study felt that mandatory arrests are very important. Which is quite a lucky break because in many countries and other states the mandatory arrest law is already in place. What was most important in this particular study was the fact that many of the individuals sheds light on many of the reasons why monetary arrests should be made to save the victims. Even though some have issues with the mandatory arrest laws and some do not the best way to designing out the pros and cons on this issue to have the victims of domestic violence decide what is best for the individual crime. The officer will always face issues when it comes to arrests but it i s for the individual officer to decide whether to arrest an abuser or whether to listen to both parties to make the right judgement call.

John Stuart Mill’s Education Essays -- John Stuart Mill Education Essa

John Stuart Mills EducationJohn Stuart Mills knowledge was intense at all times, but at different stages in his life he learned different things and in different ways. Though his education was unique by all accounts, it embodied many virtues that modern educational systems strive to include. These include close parent involvement and one-on-one work between students and teachers exposure to gifted role models emphasis on independent thought, logic, and pursuing curiosities being held to high standards for achievement being free from invidious comparisons to peers and learning the value of seeking give away peers for intellectual support and stimulation. He also learned, during personal struggles to understand his relationship with his father and to rediscover passion for life after his mental crisis, that the responsibility for his education and his happiness ultimately lay with himself. Most stunning in his account is what he learns about his father during his process of evalua ting the way his father educated him, settle his fathers ideas and abilities, and navigating his relationship with his father over time.During his aboriginal childhood Mills father tutored him in classical languages and history through structure lessons overseen by his father. His fathers patience encouraged him to ask questions and made him understand that his education was a priority. In retrospect he described his early education as an example of how much can be accomplished in a period of life that is generally wasted. Though he was recitation Greek by age three, he attributes his achievements not to his own genius but to his learning environment. While the modern reader is inclined to disbelieve this low assertion, his unique up... ...his education at different stages of his life, but I think I presented it here much as I read it which is to say, Im more inclined to praise Mills education than my professor and classmates are. I hope Ive done a good job of explaining why I think his early education prepared him for everything, even his mental crisis, because I consider that personal struggle a vital part of his education. culture about oneself and having to provide ones own meaning for life is an important part of education, and the foundation of logical thought, facing and meeting challenges, and persevering with uncompromising tasks, helped Mill through his mental crisis. I still really like Mill, and though Im obviously no where near the extreme of his life, I identify to some extent with the way he thinks, the way he was raised, and the personal struggles hes had to work through on his own.

Terry Kay’s To Dance With The White Dog Essay -- Dance With The White

Questionable Existence in Terry Kays To Dance With The clean-living Dog In Terry Kays novel, To Dance With The White Dog, the primary(prenominal) character Sam Peek befriends a snow white dog. The dog, affectionately called White Dog by Sam, helps to save Sams life some(prenominal) times. She is spoken of by dint ofout the book by Sams children as well as by Sam in his journal entries. The main suspense throughout the book asks if White Dog is in fact real or is she just an illusion? There are strong facts all through the book that support White Dogs realistic nature. Many facts throughout the duration of this book support the theory of White Dogs existence. At the beginning of the book no one but Sam can see White Dog however, as the book continues his children and his grandchildren began to see White Dog, but always at a distance (Kay 90). If White Dog had not been there when Sam passed out, he could have died in his own vomit. This is the backsheesh when th e children first see White Dog. Another fact that supports this theory is the food that White Dog consumes throughout the book. B...

Zhao Ji Essay -- Biography

Zhao Ji was the eleventh son of Emperor Shenzong of the Northern Song Dynasty. Being so far down the line for succession to the empire, he dog-tired his time devoting himself to his loves of literature, art, and Daoism surrounding himself in luxury and sophistication. He built up and catalogued an extensive painting collection, Xuanhehuapu, with over 6,000 paintings. To date, no earlier collection, neither court or private, is known to have as much detail as Huizongs because book length catalogues of his paintings, calligraphies and antiquities all survived (Ebrey, p.5). Huizong wanted to reform court music that had been degenerated during the 5 Dynasties Period and was an avid believer in ruiying, Heavens way of communicating with the earth. He is thought of as the only accomplished artist in a line of emperors all who love and appreciated the arts (Oxford Art Dictionary). It is his love of the arts, and his decisions to favor art and religion over politics that is associated wi th the fall of the neat Northern Song Dynasty, a dynasty that ruled from 960 until it was lost at the hand of Huizong in 1127.Huizong was a literati artist, well trained in poetry and calligraphy very much looking at paintings in terms of these two arts, adopting many of the aesthetic concepts set forth in Ershisi Shipin (The 24 aspects of Poetry). As a literati artist he believed in depth and primitive simplicity in his work, and that painting was an enjoyable activity intended to please ones self and ones friends (Barnhart, p.3). His development as an artist was oversaw by three friends, all of high social rank, but of different interests. Zhao Lingrang was a painter and assisted the Emperor in his continual search for scrolls to adorn his colle... ...In popular Chinese memory, Huizong is known as the Artist-Emperor (Ebrey, p.8) He was talented enough to have made a put forward for himself, had he not become emperor. During his twenty six year rule he established the most impr essive art collection anyone has put unitedly to date. He established a school for court painters and restored music in China. It was simply his own misfortune that during his rule, his empire would fall to the Jin tribe from the North. Perhaps it is because Huizong loved the beautiful so intensely that he had no head for the tough side of governing (Ebrey, p.11). However I do not think it would be fair to overlook all that Huizong did for the arts of China and simply concentrate on the ill fortune that forced him to lose his empire. A few no-account decisions shouldnt undo all the greatness that Huizong has enabled through his love of the arts.