The principles of the Bauhaus and the Art Deco style of architecture Essay

The standards of the Bauhaus and the Art Deco style of design - Essay Example In 1925, the world's generally prestigious and persuasive specialists and draftsmen met in Paris, at the International Exhibit of Decorative Arts and Modern Industries. The modelers assembled to share thoughts on the advancement of workmanship structure. The modelers contributed in the architect’s present day translations of built up structures. From this show, another style of workmanship came up. The modeler named the new workmanship as Style Modern. The name later changed to Art Deco Style. The style utilized the basic strong structure on material, for example, glass and plastic. Craftsmanship deco being fancy and enhancing utilized brilliant hues. Workmanship deco style represented riches, allure, and multifaceted nature. Workmanship Deco comprised of three primary sorts: crisscross, great current and smooth out present day. The style included zones of configuration like engineering and inside structure. It likewise encompassed visual expressions realistic expressions adornments and film. The style drew impact from Egypt and Aztec types of engineering. The structures of workmanship deco style depend on scientific geometrical shapes. The styles use machine age and smooth out innovations, for example, electric lighting. Style present day is described by the utilization of materials, for example, aluminum, hardened steel, and decorated wood. The qualities of deco style will incorporate; clean lines, unmistakable geometric shapes, embellishing highlights and structures with wide-running impacts. It joins straight evenness, stunned or layered pyramid shapes and utilization of irregular deco is an adaptable style and is effectively incorporated into a wide assortment of individual styles. The Bauhaus Gropius House in Lincoln, Massachusetts (picture word reference of present day engineering, picture 4) is a case of Bauhaus style. It is a national noteworthy milestone in New England. Gropius Walter planned and fabricated the house in 1938 as his family home. Gropius being the organizer of Bauhaus style consolidated the way of thinking of the style. The humble home is fundamentally white in shading. It has smooth veneers that express effortlessness. The structure is cubic fit as a fiddle and the squares are made of glass. The gaze case driving upstairs is winding and obvious from outside. The house is made of basic efficient steel columns and the structure has a pergola rooftop. The scene encompassing the house is straightforward and mixes in well with its condition. The utilization of negligible shading plan is utilized in the inside. The house has furniture planned by Marcel Breuer and manufactured in the Bauhaus workshops (Panayiotis 24). The 77 story high rise Chrysl er Building in New York presents an Art Deco building. It was finished in 1930 and planned by modeler William Van Allen. The structure shows a feeling of complex and style. The materials utilized in the development, for example, metal and tempered steel were costly. The Chrysler building shows unmistakable ornamentation. It is tall and vertical. The floor is marble and splendidly hued. The inside has a la mode designs and the lighting is amazing and can utilize an assortment of hues relying upon event (Panayiotis 33). The two styles of design differentiate one another. The Bauhaus style is straightforward. It implies the utilization of locally accessible material. It is well disposed monetarily. Workmanship deco is current, utilizes complex styles and is costly. It is a demonstration of allure and success (Panayiotis 37). All in all, the two styles are embraced in view of the different highlights that they speak to. The highlights are appealing to every one of those that might be ke en on one type of design or the following.

Horatio: A True Friend of Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeares Hamlet

William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a grievous play. The greater part of the characters in the play have egotistical intentions on a fundamental level. Desire, avarice, pride, and vengeance are only a couple of sins that are submitted in the play. There are not many occasions inside the play that give goodness and grace. Hamlet has such a large number of individuals around him attempting to cut him down, however he had one companion that was faithful to him, and that was Horatio. The other key characters in the play were just out to their benefit. Anyway Horatio was paying special mind to Hamlet. Sadly, Horatio was the one and only one. Gertrude was Hamlet’s mother. She was an egotistical and abhorrence lady. She undermined Hamlet’s father with Claudius, Hamlet’s uncle. She wedded Claudius a month after her husband’s passing. Gertrude needed Hamlet to stop his lamenting. She told Hamlet, â€Å"thou know’st ‘tis normal, every one of that lives must bite the dust, going through nature to eternity† (I.2.72-73). At the point when Hamlet was discouraged and lamenting, it helped Gertrude to remember the horrible sin she had submitted. She needed Hamlet to be glad to make sure she could rest easy thinking about herself. All through the play Gertrude’s intentions don't waiver; she pays special mind to her own prosperity. Claudius is Hamlet’s uncle and stepfather. He had an unsanctioned romance with Hamlet’s mother and killed Hamlet’s father. Claudius thought about nobody in the play yet himself. There were not many glad second for Hamlet in the play, yet one came when he made a play inside the play. Hamlet needed to see the response the Claudius had to the scene on the play where they show how the ruler was killed. Claudius’ response to the scene was amazing. â€Å"Give me some light. Away!†(III.2. 255). Hamlet saw his response and knew without a doubt that Claudius slaughtered his dad. Claudius was an awful uncle ... ...e end. This play is definitely not a run of the mill glad completion sort of play. Truth be told there are not many upbeat minutes in the play. I don't imagine that Shakespeare proposed for somebody to leave with a warm inclination in their heart. I don't know of the genuine explanation he composed the play and what it was he needed the crowd to gain from it. I discovered that retribution is something that can assume control over your psyche and cause somebody to do things that they would not typically do. It appears that Shakespeare was attempting to instruct us to look within ourselves and not let the outside world impact us in any capacity. Perhaps he was attempting to give us that we as a whole need old buddies like Horatio. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Writing: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. seventh ed.Ed Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Prentice Hall, 2004. 1307-1406

Ethics in Information Technology :: Technology Ethics

Morals in Information Technology Innovation Department Innovation is from multiple points of view gainful to our general public, however in what ways can or potentially will this quickly developing business be untrustworthy. This article clarifies the force and data that an IT work force has in the business world. The vast majority think about the IT individual as somebody who comes to fix their PC when they can't make sense of their email. In any case, what does an IT individual approach. Each business is extraordinary and has various duties required for the IT staff. This article clarifies how most organizations utilize the IT office for checking their representatives on the PC. The article brings up numerous issues on the moral practices of IT faculty, however it doesn't offer numerous responses. That is on the grounds that the subject of Is it moral? must be replied by every individual IT proficient. In other expert professions, for example, Medicine or Law that have been around for quite a while have a lot of laws or code of morals that accompanies the activity. This field presently can't seem to set up such principles. The article expresses that most moral issues, for example, perusing the worker messages and evolving words, utilizing key lumberjacks to get everything a particular individual has composed, or screen catch projects to screen all that they have taken a gander at, have not been gone up against by law, nor is there a standard that any IT proficient needs to follow. It's terrifying to think how much force and data that an IT proficient approach, and the way that there are no laws that disallow a portion of the systems they is likewise a startling idea. Indeed, even at Southwestern Assemblies of God University the IT individuals approach our government disability number, website pages we visit, and even our web passwords like email or understudy login. On the off chance that the IT proficient are recruited and have no earlier carefulness of moral issues how might we believe what they will do with the data they have about us. I believe that the businesses at Southwestern have picked the perfect individuals for the activity, yet what the ordinary office of America. The article expresses that a portion of the IT experts even assistance workers to get others terminated. A case of this would be: At this specific business the IT office gets all the messages to be screened before they leave to the beneficiary.

My Reflection of Rollo May’s Existentialism Psychology

Rollo May’s Existentialism Psychology:An Overview to His TheoryAfter numerous long periods of his hardships in directing clinical research, May had the option to hypothesize another perspective on creatures. With such recently advanced perspective, May considered individuals to be living in the realm of present encounters and at last being liable for who they become. Numerous individuals, he accepted, come up short on the fearlessness to confront their predetermination, and during the time spent escaping from it, they surrender quite a bit of their opportunity. Having nullified their opportunity, they moreover flee from their obligation. Not being eager to settle on decisions, they dismiss what their identity is and build up a feeling of unimportance and distance. Interestingly, sound individuals challenge their predetermination, value their opportunity, and live legitimately with others and with themselves.They perceive the certainty of death and have the fortitude to live in the present. These musings of Rollo May, I accept, had gotten my enthusiasm to additionally expand the embodiment of his hypothesis through my own specific manner of clarifying. With these, I will be going to put aside the entirety of different hypotheses. To be inclination right now, I accept will be of acceptable assistance in further communicating my thankfulness in order to legitimize the purposes for why I like his hypothesis of character. At a first look, I was very fascinated with the manner in which he had the option to concoct his clarification of the character. What's more, through my first perusing, Rollo May’s thoughts caused me to understand that my standpoint in life can be some way or another reflected to his theories.Existentialism: A Reflection of My LifeRollo May’s perspective on individuals was exceptionally impacted by the works of Sã ¸ren Kierkegaard who contradicted endeavors in observing individuals only as items, and yet, he restricted the vie w that emotional recognitions are one’s just reality. What Kierkegaard was for the most part worried of is that both the encountering individual and the person’s experience contribute in understanding people. Considering this idea, I understood that the occasions assuming into position and the person who is encountering such occasion are exceptionally fundamental in clarifying life.I was raised with an unadulterated Catholic Faith ingrained in my brain, central core. I can at present recall the absolute first time I got some information about God’s presence and how extraordinary he truly is to have command over our lives. I was then a third grader and was impacted possibly with Religion class for it was likewise my first time to enter such. Presently, I can say, I have, somewhat, the solutions to my questions.As May expressed, presence overshadows pith. The procedure by which we are in charge in turning out to be and rising to what we need to be. To exist effect ively and truly is one thing that we ought to consider as we continued looking for truth. Since I turned out to be increasingly mindful of the happenings around me, I accept I was then beginning as I continued looking for character, opportunity and genuine duty †all these comprises in reality of life.I additionally accept that every one of us is at last capable of what our identity is and what we become and that we can't accuse others, for example, our folks, educators, bosses, God, or conditions in what we do to occupy our time. â€Å"Man is nothing else except for what he thinks about himself.† We can't deny the platitude which went to be an essential truth in a person’s life, â€Å"No man is an island.† As in my method of living, I may connect with others in beneficial and solid connections, however toward the day's end, I despite everything understood that I am distant from everyone else working for a purpose.I understood that my folks are only there to direct me and be the best models that they can be for me to imitate. I perhaps observe myself consistently in practically all circumstances of my life to being with my companions. We may share things that I have; we may do things together to achieve an objective; we may have similar interests and happiness throughout everyday life, except, still, by the day's end, I simply contemplate and understood that I was simply truly settling on my decision †my decision to become what I can be in order to turn into a mentally solid individual contributing critical things into the society.Life and demise are two restricting powers which some way or another lead us to turn into a being on the planet or a nonbeing. As I watch, in each assignment †regardless of whether it be straightforward or convoluted †my solitary idea in completing such undertaking is to giveâ justice of having life and living it without limit. To have a life is my objective however I don't consider passing as my predetermination on the grounds that my principle objective presently is unceasing existence with God †my hero. Passing, perhaps, is unavoidable and for me its idea will simply denied me of doing admirably in life.I accept that individuals adjust to the common world, identify with others as people, and have a sharp attention to what every one of these encounters intend to them and these would intend to a set up sound person which I am truly making progress toward, most particularly, during these occasions with which jumps in life are introduced consistently. Since I enter school and join up with Psychology, my perspective and accomplishing life-objectives changed. I will say that it turned out to be increasingly experienced as I would need to endeavor more enthusiastically to meet the desires for my family which I decided to conform to. This suggests my folks might be related as I continued looking for truth yet at the same time, I am the just one working for it actually an d with the enthusiastic help of huge others. This is my definitive choice.Anxiety and Guilt: Problems in Fulfilling PotentialitiesWe can't deny the way that we are experiencing issues in the midst of challenges with which we are to accomplish, eventually, our possibilities throughout everyday life. Uneasiness and blame emerges and there is no uncertainty that we can't resist the opportunity to manage it in order to comprehensively accomplish our full possibilities as individuals and for us to sharpen these into an all out capacity which we’ll be requiring in the midst of emergencies and another uprisings of terrible sentiments like concerns and doubts.During occasions such as this, I understood that goals should exist in the internal identity in order to ready to pick and follow up on the decisions I made in my every day life. There are numerous occasions of my school life wherein I neglected to develop aims †goals, for example, breezing through the test or getting a hig h score and performing at my best. Now and then I will in general come up short and this, I accept, is on the grounds that I don't have firm expectations in life which goes to be a key in defeating nervousness and guilt.But there are times likewise that I’m ready to use unadulterated aims which offers significance to my encounters and, in turn,â allows me to settle on choices for a splendid future. Firm and solid aims, I accept is a solid establishment in using possibilities at its pinnacle and simultaneously, it serves to be a grapple in setting up increasingly develop choices. Care, Love, and Will:More Than Just Empathy-BuildingAssociated with the horrendous sentiments which were noted as the enthusiastic uprisings when individuals are given challenges and issues are the development of the most fundamental emotions and disposition a person ought to have. I surmise these three are significant it could be said that it connects the holes which are only more than learning or k nowing others’ emotions.Care, love, and will assumes significant jobs in our day by day lives for these three perspectives don't simply make charming and needed responses or types of personal relational connections yet in addition since I accept that these three ought to be considered as the spirit base of achieving opportunity and going up against your predetermination. As May would say, â€Å"To care for somebody intends to perceive that individual as a kindred individual, to relate to that person’s torment or delight, blame or pity.† This only proposes thinking about the individuals who you think merit it and furthermore, it can’t be given for just someone however for somebody who implies a great deal to you.Of course, as a functioning person we are required and by one way or another obliged to show care and regard to our kindred people as we are only a similar sort of living creatures whose essential point is to look for friendship from others so as t o give that consideration back. Since care is a functioning procedure, it should nor be restricted nor be halted in cases, for example, negative passionate upheavals in light of the fact that in such way, negative emotions can be effectively supplanted with positive ones.Moreover, to love will never be the equivalent of mindful however to mind is the wellspring of adoration. To adore is to perceive the fundamental mankind of the individual and furthermore, to acknowledge what can be inadmissible with that individual. Discussing things like this, others may state, can be an exercise in futility for they may likewise demand that they definitely know the genuine significance behind this. In any case, the point here is that care and love don’t simply tackle closeness or sexual excitement yet it discusses how truly it is overcoming everything on earth.Will, then again, was accepted to be established from care. It is seen as the ability to compose one’s self with the goal th at development a specific way or toward a specific objective may occur. Will starts our longing to do activities in satisfying our most out of control wishes or dreams. We once in a while reveal to ourselves that if there’s a will, there’s a way which suggests that we do truly have the ability to fabricate the will from ourselves to create confidence and self-esteem which are significant factors in the improvement of a solid and firm expectation to do such action.There might be times that my will isn't that solid to persuade me, however when I believe that it will be for the advancement of others and not simply to me, I generally make a decent attempt to push all the more so there’ll be no second thoughts by the day's end. Freedom:An Understanding of our DestinyOur own way and style of having opportunity in our lives delineates how our fate can be changed or tested. In spite of the fact that opportunity isn't that simple to achieve, the delight of having it woul d disclose to us that we are truly decided

Workplace Telecommunications Essay examples -- Telephone Phone Systems

 â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â           Workplace Telecommunications The media transmission framework at XYZ Corporation addresses the issues of its medium estimated business. Their telephone framework comprises of 1,000 2400 arrangement computerized telephones. These telephones help to improve the effectiveness and profitability of our association and streamline the progression of data due to the upgraded highlights, for example, the capacity to grow your 24 catch phone with extra 50 catch extension modules. With this telephone framework there's no compelling reason to change station wiring or cross interfaces, your staff can move phone sets around without the assistance of a specialist. This element sets aside time and cash for consistently moves. Each telephone has a full duplex speaker telephone a 2x24 showcase size (lines x characters) and development unit ports. Our association utilizes a PBX framework to course voice information, and inner video transmissions, while we send every single outside call through at least one lines to the supplier's focal office. Computerized PBX goes about as the entryway among clients and outer world. To associate with the outside, we interface with the open system with Sprint computerized PBX trunks. Each computerized trunk is conveyed on a T1 (1.5 Mbps) line. PBX trunks give singular telephone numbers to the entirety of our representatives without buying individual, physical lines. The T1 group accompanies numerous administrations which include: nearby circle get to, 24 advanced voice channels, configurable trunk lines, square of DID numbers, phone message, a connect to calling administrations. S...

Addiction, Dependence, and Tolerance to Pain Medication

Addiction, Dependence, and Tolerance to Pain Medication More in Addiction Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery There is a difference between addiction, physical dependence, and tolerance to pain medication. It is imperative that each of us understands the difference. Many people with chronic pain conditions, including certain types of arthritis, are prescribed pain medication. Their medical condition dictates the need for such drugsâ€"thats why it was prescribed as part of their treatment plan. Yet, if you pay attention to the news, people who are legitimately prescribed pain medication are being lumped in with the abusers. We can easily understand how that developed. After all, there is an epidemic of opioid abuse in the U.S. The drugs are said to be overprescribed. Add to that a celebrity dying from a drug overdose and the anti-drug campaigns hit a fever pitch. Each of the aforementioned problems is a legitimate concern. But, so is the disregard for people (e.g., chronic pain patients) who legitimately need pain medication to function and have some quality of life. Their plight cannot be minimized while the urgency of other matters is dealt with. This realization has largely been lost because too many people do not understand the difference between addiction, physical dependence, and tolerance. We cannot blur the lines between these three factors and expect to solve problems related to drug use and abuse. It is the first step we all must takeâ€"understanding the terminology.   What Is Addiction? The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), the American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM), and the American Pain Society (APS) recognize the following definition of addiction as it relates to the use of opioids for the treatment of pain: Addiction is a primary, chronic, neurobiological disease, with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. It is characterized by behaviors that include one or more of the following: impaired control over drug use, compulsive use, continued use despite harm, and craving. What Is Physical Dependence? The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), the American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM), and the American Pain Society (APS) recognize the following definition of physical dependence: Physical dependence is a state of adaptation that is manifested by a drug class specific withdrawal syndrome that can be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreasing blood level of the drug, and/or administration of an antagonist. What Is Tolerance? The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), the American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM), and the American Pain Society (APS) recognize the following definition of tolerance: Tolerance is a state of adaptation in which exposure to a drug induces changes that result in a diminution (i.e., diminishing or lessening) of one or more of the drugs effects over time. That said, most pain medicine and addiction specialists concur that chronic pain patients treated longterm with opioid drugs usually do develop physical dependence. Some patients will develop tolerance. But, usually, this group of patients does not develop an addiction. The actual risk of addiction is considered unknown and not predictable, but it is likely related to several factors, including genetic predisposition. Addiction itself is a primary chronic disease. Exposure to drugs is just one factor in its development. In fact, in most cases, exposure to drugs that can stimulate the brains reward center do not produce addiction. Characteristic Features and Behaviors Impaired control, craving, and compulsive use of the drug, as well as continued use of the drug despite negative physical, mental, or social consequences, are considered characteristic features of addiction. But, it can be a bit more complicated than simply recognizing the presence of those features. The same features could be related to inadequate pain relief. A doctor must be able to exercise their judgment and to discern between addiction and another cause. There are specific behaviors that point to the possibility of addiction. Those behaviors include: Not adhering to the prescribed schedule for the drugTaking more than one dose at a timeRepeated reports of stolen or lost drugsDoctor shopping (getting the drug from more than one doctor)Isolation (wanting time alone)Additionally using non-prescribed psychoactive drugsUsing pain medications for sedation, intoxication, to boost energy, or to lower anxiety levelsRequesting certain formulations or routes of administration of the drugAvoidance of or disinterest in non-opioid treatment options Addiction clearly is associated with potentially serious, even fatal, consequences. On the other hand, physical dependence is considered a normal response by the body to the chronic or continued use of certain medicationsâ€"and not only opioid pain medications. For example, physical dependence can occur with corticosteroids, antidepressants, beta-blockers, as well as other medications not considered addictive. If drugs that may be associated with physical dependence are to be discontinued, the drug should be tapered to avoid withdrawal symptoms (e.g., prednisone tapering). Tolerance is even a bit trickier to understand. Tolerance may occur to the desired effect of the drug, but it can also occur to the undesired effects. Tolerance is also variable, occurring at different rates for different effects. Using opioids as an example, tolerance to the analgesic effects occur more slowly than to respiratory depression. Find Relief With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs The Bottom Line Addiction is mostly a behavioral disorder, although it can overlap with physical dependence. Typically, addiction involves using the drug despite negative consequences, craving the drug even when not in physical pain, and using it for reasons other than the prescribed indication. Physical dependence is evident when someone develops a tolerance to a drug or if one would experience withdrawal symptoms from stopping the drug suddenly. Tolerance is present when the same dose does not garner the same result, thereby requiring higher doses to achieve the desired result. In and of itself, physical dependence does not mean that there is addiction, but it may accompany addiction when there is addiction.

Addiction, Dependence, and Tolerance to Pain Medication

Addiction, Dependence, and Tolerance to Pain Medication More in Addiction Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery There is a difference between addiction, physical dependence, and tolerance to pain medication. It is imperative that each of us understands the difference. Many people with chronic pain conditions, including certain types of arthritis, are prescribed pain medication. Their medical condition dictates the need for such drugsâ€"thats why it was prescribed as part of their treatment plan. Yet, if you pay attention to the news, people who are legitimately prescribed pain medication are being lumped in with the abusers. We can easily understand how that developed. After all, there is an epidemic of opioid abuse in the U.S. The drugs are said to be overprescribed. Add to that a celebrity dying from a drug overdose and the anti-drug campaigns hit a fever pitch. Each of the aforementioned problems is a legitimate concern. But, so is the disregard for people (e.g., chronic pain patients) who legitimately need pain medication to function and have some quality of life. Their plight cannot be minimized while the urgency of other matters is dealt with. This realization has largely been lost because too many people do not understand the difference between addiction, physical dependence, and tolerance. We cannot blur the lines between these three factors and expect to solve problems related to drug use and abuse. It is the first step we all must takeâ€"understanding the terminology.   What Is Addiction? The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), the American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM), and the American Pain Society (APS) recognize the following definition of addiction as it relates to the use of opioids for the treatment of pain: Addiction is a primary, chronic, neurobiological disease, with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. It is characterized by behaviors that include one or more of the following: impaired control over drug use, compulsive use, continued use despite harm, and craving. What Is Physical Dependence? The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), the American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM), and the American Pain Society (APS) recognize the following definition of physical dependence: Physical dependence is a state of adaptation that is manifested by a drug class specific withdrawal syndrome that can be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreasing blood level of the drug, and/or administration of an antagonist. What Is Tolerance? The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), the American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM), and the American Pain Society (APS) recognize the following definition of tolerance: Tolerance is a state of adaptation in which exposure to a drug induces changes that result in a diminution (i.e., diminishing or lessening) of one or more of the drugs effects over time. That said, most pain medicine and addiction specialists concur that chronic pain patients treated longterm with opioid drugs usually do develop physical dependence. Some patients will develop tolerance. But, usually, this group of patients does not develop an addiction. The actual risk of addiction is considered unknown and not predictable, but it is likely related to several factors, including genetic predisposition. Addiction itself is a primary chronic disease. Exposure to drugs is just one factor in its development. In fact, in most cases, exposure to drugs that can stimulate the brains reward center do not produce addiction. Characteristic Features and Behaviors Impaired control, craving, and compulsive use of the drug, as well as continued use of the drug despite negative physical, mental, or social consequences, are considered characteristic features of addiction. But, it can be a bit more complicated than simply recognizing the presence of those features. The same features could be related to inadequate pain relief. A doctor must be able to exercise their judgment and to discern between addiction and another cause. There are specific behaviors that point to the possibility of addiction. Those behaviors include: Not adhering to the prescribed schedule for the drugTaking more than one dose at a timeRepeated reports of stolen or lost drugsDoctor shopping (getting the drug from more than one doctor)Isolation (wanting time alone)Additionally using non-prescribed psychoactive drugsUsing pain medications for sedation, intoxication, to boost energy, or to lower anxiety levelsRequesting certain formulations or routes of administration of the drugAvoidance of or disinterest in non-opioid treatment options Addiction clearly is associated with potentially serious, even fatal, consequences. On the other hand, physical dependence is considered a normal response by the body to the chronic or continued use of certain medicationsâ€"and not only opioid pain medications. For example, physical dependence can occur with corticosteroids, antidepressants, beta-blockers, as well as other medications not considered addictive. If drugs that may be associated with physical dependence are to be discontinued, the drug should be tapered to avoid withdrawal symptoms (e.g., prednisone tapering). Tolerance is even a bit trickier to understand. Tolerance may occur to the desired effect of the drug, but it can also occur to the undesired effects. Tolerance is also variable, occurring at different rates for different effects. Using opioids as an example, tolerance to the analgesic effects occur more slowly than to respiratory depression. Find Relief With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs The Bottom Line Addiction is mostly a behavioral disorder, although it can overlap with physical dependence. Typically, addiction involves using the drug despite negative consequences, craving the drug even when not in physical pain, and using it for reasons other than the prescribed indication. Physical dependence is evident when someone develops a tolerance to a drug or if one would experience withdrawal symptoms from stopping the drug suddenly. Tolerance is present when the same dose does not garner the same result, thereby requiring higher doses to achieve the desired result. In and of itself, physical dependence does not mean that there is addiction, but it may accompany addiction when there is addiction.

The Importance of Lifestyle Entrepreneurship a Conceptual Study of the Tourism Industry - Free Essay Example

Vol. 7 N? 2 pags. 393-405. 2009 www. pasosonline. org The importance of lifestyle entrepreneurship: A conceptual study of the tourism industry Mike Peters ii University of Innsbruck (Austria) Joerg Frehse iii University of Innsbruck (Austria) Dimitrios Buhalis iv Bournemouth University (UK) Abstract: The purpose of the paper is to explore and discuss the emergence of lifestyle entrepreneurship. The article addresses the question of the relationship between entrepreneur’s life quality and enterprise growth. The purpose is to conceptualize this relationship and to learn more about lifestyle entrepreneurship. Tourism serves as a case industry to illustrate both relevant research in the field of lifestyle entrepreneurship and a conceptual framework to examine the relationship between entrepreneurial activities and perceived life quality. The paper delivers a literature review on entrepreneurship and certain forms of entrepreneurship and conceptualizes lifestyle enterprise’s growth. Keywords: Lifestyle; Entrepreneurship; Tourism; Entrepreneurial Motives. Resumen: El objetivo del trabajo es explorar y analizar el surgimiento de la iniciativa empresarial como estilo de vida. El articulo aborda la relacion entre la calidad de vida del empresario y el crecimiento empresarial. El proposito es conceptualizar esta relacion para aprender mas sobre el espiritu empresarial como estilo de vida. El turismo aporta una serie de casos para ilustrar la investigacion pertinente en el ambito de la iniciativa empresarial como estilo de vida y un marco conceptual para examinar la relacion entre las actividades empresariales y la calidad de vida percibida. El documento ofrece una revision de la literatura sobre el espiritu empresarial y ciertas formas de iniciativa y conceptualiza el crecimiento de la iniciativa empresarial como estilo de vida. Palabras clave: Estilo de vida; Empresa; Turismo, Motivos para emprender. Associate Professor. Department of Strategic Management, Marketing and Tourism. University of Innsbruck. Universitatsstrasse 15. A-6020 Innsbruck. Web: https://www. uibk. ac. at/smt/ Email: mike. [emailprotected] ac. at. https://www. uibk. ac. t/smt/ iii Department of Strategic Management, Marketing and Tourism, University of Innsbruck. Universitatsstrasse 15. A6020 Innsbruck. Web: https://www. frehsehotels. com. Email: joerg. [emailprotected] com iv International Centre for Tourism Hospitality Research. Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK. Tel: +44 1202 966966. Fax: +44 1202 515707. Web: https://www. bournemouth. ac. uk/services-management/. Email: [emailprotected] ac. uk ii  © PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. ISSN 1695-7121 394 The importance of lifestyle entrepreneurship The importance of entrepreneurship Globalization in the nineties signalled a whole range of new challenges for many lifestyle entrepreneurs, owner-managers and all those who were unable to reorient themselves strategically towards the rapidly emerging market conditions. This is the situation in which still many entrepreneurs find themselves. Once again the growth-oriented Schumpeterian innovative entrepreneur is called upon to restructure and realign the industry (Gray, 2002; Schmitz, 1989; Peters and Weiermair, 2001). The tourism and hospitality industries are dominated by small business and the vast majority of the entrepreneurs are lifestylers rather than rational professionals (Middleton, 2001). The majority of small business owners hardly show typical entrepreneurial attitudes, as described by Schumpeter (1934). This paper attempts to explore the importance of these so-called lifestyle entrepreneurs in a conceptual way to shed more light on the understanding of their motives as well as discuss policy implications. The paper is structured in four sections: it starts with a literature overview of lifestyle entrepreneurship concepts which highlight main contributions of economic and social science theories (Alvarez and Busenitz, 2001; Leibenstein, 1968; Swedberg, 2000). In a second step the paper analyses the determinants and consequences of lifestyle orientation and derives implications and threats for regional competitiveness and/or economic growth. The third section presents and discusses the concepts of quality of life approach and the profile of the lifestyle entrepreneur. Finally, research gaps are identified and new initiatives for entrepreneurship research are presented in the concluding part of the paper. Forms of Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurs create an innovative organization or network of organizations for the purpose of gain or growth, under conditions of risk and/or uncertainty (Dollinger, 2003). This includes the core elements of entrepreneurship, which can be found in the numerous definitions in the social sciences literature. Even though academics have addressed a range of questions concerning both with the nature of the entrepreneurial process and the attributes and personality traits of entrepreneurs, research is still short of a consensus on some of the most important questions. The task of finding a consensual interpretation is rendered also somewhat difficult by the great variety of methods and methodology employed by different disciplines engaged in analysing entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship (Kirby, 2002; Gartner, 1985; Timmons, 1994). In economics and management literature the entrepreneur and his/her capabilities have remained a focal point of interest, but also of controversy. Ever since Schumpeter (1934), economic development has become associated with entrepreneurship. The nature and function of this new factor of production however becomes interpreted in different ways: for Cantillion (1755), Liefmann (1897), Knight (1921) and Oberparleiter (1930) risk assumption presents the core of entrepreneurship; for Schumpeter (1934) innovation and/or innovative capabilities characterises the entrepreneur; while others emphasized capabilities associated with capita (Burns 2001). Cyert and March (1963) view entrepreneurs capabilities to coordinate different interest groups as the core function of entrepreneurship, while Kirzner (1973) and Mises (1940) emphasize information leads and advantages as the key to an understanding of entrepreneurship. Leibenstein (1966; 1968) believes entrepreneurs to simply behave differently (more efficiently) in the use and transformation of factor inputs and interprets entrepreneurship as a process within organisations (Morris and Lewis, 1995; Mugler, 1998). The origins of theory development in the field of entrepreneurship demonstrate that there have been only a handful of theorists who have contributed with novel paradigms to this field of economic and management research. Among them, the late Joseph A. Schumpeter who introduced the discussion of the origins and importance of entrepreneurship to its intellectual height with the publication of the Theory of Economic Development (first published 1912) linking PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 7(3). 2009 ISSN 1695-7121 Mike Peters ; Joerg Frehse and Dimitrios Buhalis 395 entrepreneurship to innovation. He defined nate entrepreneurship research. However, the entrepreneur as an individual who caras entrepreneurial behaviour is not only ries out new combinations of firm organizadriven by rational decision structures, tion, new products or services, new sources other disciplines need to be engaged to enor raw material, new methods of produchance explanations on the entrepreneurial tion, new market segment, or new forms of process. Nevertheless, it is possible to exorganization. Schumpeter (1934) saw in the tract typical entrepreneurial characteristics entrepreneur an exceptional individual, or personality traits such as creativity, capable of developing new product combirisk-taking, innovativeness and pronations, attributes or innovations. Hence, activeness which could be observed in difthe entrepreneur has to come up with a ferent social, political or economic envirealistically calculated risk for future marronments (Timmons, 1994). Morrison ket opportunities, based on past experi(2006) throws more light upon the concepences and the transformation of uncertualisation of various forms of entrepretainty into profitable neurship. She formulated three main cues outcome. of entrepreneurship, followed by the extracTo this point Schumpeter wrote: ‘As tion of main entrepreneurial guises. ilitary action Dicipline Researchers must be taken in given strategic Economists Cantillion (1964 first published 1755); Casson positions, even if (2005); Schumpeter (1934), Baumol (1989), all the data poLazear (2005) tentially procurEcology Aldrich (1990), Singh and Lumsden (1990) able are not Sociology Weber (1935) available, so also in economic life, Anthropology Barth (2000); Greenfield and Strickton (1986) action must be Psychology McClelland (1961); Miner (1997) taken without History Gerschenkron (2000); Sawyer (1952) working out all the details of Tabla 1. Disciplines and respective representatives in the field of enwhat is to be trepreneurship research done. Here the success of everyHaving a closer look upon the characterthing depends upon intuition, the capacity istics of entrepreneurial guises, such as the of seeing things in a way which afterwards case for lifestyle, social or family entrepreproves to be true, even though it cannot be neurs, it can be observed that there is often established at the moment, and of grasping a clear orientation towards non-economic the essential fact, disregarding the unesmotives (Morrison, 2006). The attitude tosential, even though one can give no acwards entrepreneurship or the willingness count of the principles by which this is for independence can be the result of negadone’ (Schumpeter, 1934). tive or positive guises. In the latter case, Since Schumpeter, a long list of wellfounding an enterprise may be viewed as known researchers (for instance Papanan opportunity to improve one’s lifestyle dreou, 1952; Kirzner, 1973; Casson, 1982, and as taking better control of everyday Low and MacMillan, 1988; Miner, 1997; life. Others may perceive stress, inconvenGartner, 2001; Schneider, 2001) contribience or negative pressure when thinking of uted to the analysis of entrepreneurship entrepreneurship in small businesses. and entrepreneurship theory. In the second There is no doubt that a positive attitude half of the last century personality traits towards entrepreneurship alone is not sufresearch became a major field in social scificient to motivate a person to develop a ences research. Nevertheless, only a few tourism business. However, the intention to studies could provide general insight into create a business does only occur when the the behaviour of entrepreneurs in every attitude towards entrepreneurship is posiculture, nation or industry. tive (Koh, 1996). Economists and economic theory domi- PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 7(3). 2009 ISSN 1695-7121 396 The importance of lifestyle entrepreneurship Positive Social †¢ Role of the family and intergenerational role models †¢ †¢ Economic †¢ †¢ Conducive culture Supportive networks †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ ment Negative Political/religious displacePolitical unrest Discrimination Unhappy with position in society Corporate downsizing and redundancy Dissatisfaction with/blocked employment opportunities Discriminatory legislation No other way to make money Move towards services Reversal highly vertically integrated company structures †¢ Psychological †¢ Phenomenon of ‘dot. com’ business Entrepreneurial aspirations of independence, wealth, need to achieve, social mobility etc. Table 2: Entrepreneurial Behaviour Cues (Source: Morrison, 2006, 197) These classifications should not be interpreted as static ones. Entrepreneurship describes the process of establishing new ventures or managing innovations. These entrepreneurial events can be produced in a given time period and thus entrepreneurship is a question of ‘how much’ and ‘how often’ (Morris and Lewis, 1995). Morris and Lewis illustrated the relationship of the amount of entrepreneurship (measured as number of entrepreneurial events) and the degree of entrepreneurship (extent to which the event is innovative, risky or proactive) and named the combination of the two dimensions ‘entrepreneurial intensity’. The importance of lifestyle entrepreneurship: the case of the tourism industry Tourism, hospitality and leisure industries are primarily based on entrepreneurship and small businesses (Thomas, 1998, 2000, Morrison et al. , 1998, Getz, 2004, Buhalis and Main, 1998). Morrison and Thomas (1999) suggest that the key elements of entrepreneurship in tourism include: Change initiation: the capability of identifying an opportunity for creation or inPASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 7(3). 2009 ovation and the ability to turn it into a reality Creative resourcing: ingeniously marshalling resources of both financial and managerial nature, from a complex set of sources, in order to mobilise and realise the opportunity. Entrepreneurial learning: motivation to acquire the necessary knowledge and expertise through relevant exploration and reflection, in order to excel. Innovation and creativity: renewal of products or services by adding value through application of expertise and imag ination. Knowledge leadership: development of sources of management information to enable first mover capability, effective strategy formulation and implementation. Opportunity alertness: continuous focus on emerging trends and opportunities to be captured and realised. Relationship management: maintenance of effective teams, networks, and flexible management structures. Timing of action: acting within a limited window in which an opportunity can be optimised. Vision and strategic orientation: FormuISSN 1695-7121 Mike Peters ; Joerg Frehse and Dimitrios Buhalis 397 lation of ambitions, and strategies to realise them. However, the majority of entrepreneurs in the tourism and leisure industries can be found in the lower area of low entrepreneurial intensity (Morrison, 2006). It seems that given that tourism and leisure industries are primarily located in attractive regions there is a much higher concentration of lifestyle entrepreneurs and this is often the main motivation for entrepreneurial activity. Characteristics of lifestyle entrepreneurs Conceptualizing lifestyle entrepreneurship can be achieved through several alternative perspectives. This paper adopts an economic theory point of view. An increasing number of research studies analysed the phenomena of lifestyle entrepreneurs, as the opposite of the growth-oriented or typical Schumpeterian entrepreneurs. Lifestyle firms are businesses set up primarily either to undertake an activity the ownermanager enjoys or to achieve a level of activity that provides adequate income (Burns, 2001). The opposite are growth firms that are set up by an entrepreneur in the traditional Schumpeterian sense to grow and to raise profit through sales or through selling the business on to someone else. From an economist’s perspective lifestyle entrepreneurs accept suboptimal levels of production. The leisure and tourism industries have always attracted a large number of small businesses and non-growth oriented ownership-entrepreneurs. The perceived nice life, often close to the beach or the alpine regions or at attractive parts of city, has frequently motivated entrepreneurs to leave their job and adventure in tourism and hospitality. Quite often this implied primarily following a dream, often with no experience, training or expertise in these areas. Sometimes this is financed with savings from property or previous careers and is propelled by plenty of optimism that things will work out. The prospect of living at the attractive region, where entrepreneurs may have visited as tourists made all other business aspects that come with that look irrelevant or secondary. The prime motivation was to enjoy the perceived qual- ity of life and do something on the side, to sustain a certain lifestyle and economic status. Since Williams et al. (1989) initially observed this phenomenon of non-growth oriented entrepreneurs in tourism, a number of studies support the existence of many non-economically motivated entrepreneurs, who seriously constrain the development of tourism destinations or regions (Ateljevic and Doorne, 2000; Shaw and Williams, 1990, 1998). Much of the one and two star inns, guest houses, room and breakfast places and local restaurants which sprang up during the build up phase of mass tourism in the seventies fit the criteria of these lifestyle businesses. Research carried out by Williams et al. (1989), Shaw and Williams (1990; 2003; 2004), Thomas (2000) and Ateljevic and Doorne (2000; 2001) strongly support the fact that small size businesses are the playground for specific entrepreneurial cultures, such as lifestyle entrepreneurs (Shaw and Williams, 2003). Characteristics of lifestyle entrepreneurs are: Motivated by quality of life rather than growth Main priority is life style rather than customer service very limited growth orientation Underutilisation of resources and capital investment Irrational management and non Returnon-investment based decision making limited marketing and product development expertise and activities under utilisation of information and communication technologies ( Buhalis and Main, 1998) fail to appreciate the ICT opportunities arising (Paraskevas and Buhalis, 2002) reluctance to accept professional advice or external involvement motivated by survival and sufficient income to maintain their and their families’ way of life (Komppula, 2004) low education and training on management are not fully aware of quality management techniques (Morrison and Thomas 1999) low involvement within industry growth and industry structures distance from lobby organisations and PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultura l, 7(3). 2009 ISSN 1695-7121 398 The importance of lifestyle entrepreneurship ourism boards unwillingness to let go or to sell their ventures low innovation and unwillingness to cooperate (Weiermair, 2001). High dependency on distribution partners for their earnings- even when this is detrimental to profitability and competitiveness (Buhalis, 2000; Bastakis et al. , 2004) Questionable economic sustainability as a result of peripherally, distance from the economic core and sparseness of population (Nilsson et al. , 2005) Small tourism enterprise surveys show that the food and accommodation industry displays statistically significant lower survival rates than other branches of economic activity (Frank et al. , 1995). In particular, the first phases of enterprise growth are critical. The literature reports early stage management hurdles that lead to severe delegation and cash-flow problems (Flamholtz, 1990; Greiner, 1972). The rapid changes of the industry structures and the challenges emerging through globalization, competition, professionalism, industry concentration both vertical and horizontal, consumer rights and strict regulation mean that many lifestyle entrepreneurs are quite unprepared for the threats emerging from the external environment. Many of these enterprises notably in the food and accommodation industry, who survived their incubation period, are facing very serious strategic problems, and high levels of debt often leading to bankruptcy (Hartl, 1999; Tschurtschenthaler, 1996). In the fields of tourism research, entrepreneurship analysis is increasingly linked closely with research areas such as small tourism enterprises (Middleton, 2001; Morrison et al. , 2001; Fuchs et al. , 2002; Thomas, 2004) or family businesses in tourism (Getz and Petersen, 2004; Hegarty and Ruddy, 2004; Peters, 2004). Shaw and Williams (1998) have identified two different models of small business entrepreneurship: ‘non-entrepreneurship’ and ‘constrained entrepreneurs’. The first group show similarities with lifestyle entrepreneurship, as they have moved into tourism destinations for non-economic reasons; they have established enterprises (mainly with personal savings) and enjoy being their own boss. Many of these non-entrepreneurs constitute owners who have retired from former professions and perceive tourism and hosPASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 7(3). 2009 pitality SMEs as a way to enjoy nice destination whilst generating some income to sustain their lifestyle. Research in the UK support Shaw and Williams’ (1998) findings: e. g. Szivas (2001) has investigated motives of self-employed people in tourism. Their motives were centred around their desire ‘to work in pleasant surroundings’ and to ‘establish their own business’ [p. 168]. Shaw and Williams (1998) labelled this group of ageing owners ‘nonentrepreneurs’ because they showed a lack of business experience and strategic qualification (Carland et al. 1984). The second group of ‘constrained entrepreneurs’ constitute younger people with economic growth motives and former professional experience in tourism and other industries. Still they demonstrate man y lifestyle motives to explain their activities and the capital required is family raised. Nevertheless, they demonstrate some entrepreneurial attitudes towards innovation and product development, as well as towards customer values and needs (Shaw and Williams, 1998). Another interesting study on motivational structures of tourism entrepreneurs was carried out by Getz and Carlson (2000) who clustered two types of entrepreneurs in Australia. They labelled them ‘family-first’ (representing 2/3 of total entrepreneurs) and the ‘business first’ entrepreneurs. Family-driven entrepre-neurs are motivated by emotional factors associated with their families, as well as by the optimization of their leisure time. All these non-economic and non-growth oriented motives can be termed life-quality factors. Every entrepreneur is characterized by an individual trade-off between life-quality and workload. The perception of this relationship is a main driver of activity. The relationship of entrepreneurial workload and life-quality certainly depends upon personal wants and individual characteristics or personality traits (Marcketti et al. , 2006). As a result of the above discussed characteristics of lifestyle entrepreneurs, a number of propositions can be derived relating to the the relationship between life quality for entrepreneurs and enterprise profit (see figure 1). ISSN 1695-7121 Mike Peters ; Joerg Frehse and Dimitrios Buhalis 399 Profit/workload ratio quality of life D positive entrepreneurial effects on quality of life profit/workload B F1 F2 C basic quality of life quality of life A negative entrepreneurial effects on quality of life time optimal growth max. growth Figure 1. The trade-off between entrepreneurs’ life quality and enterprise profile. Source: based on Peters and Frehse [2004] The basic individual quality of life may decrease in the phase of establishing a new business. Leisure time is sinking; family needs cannot be easily addressed. Personal worries or financial risks lower the individual quality of life, which is determined by other than entrepreneurial factors (e. g. health, expectations, social status, values, etc. ). At later stages, harvesting the seeds of the new venture, life quality for entrepreneurs rise again and meet the profit curve at the point B, where the profit cannot be heightened without lowering personal quality of life. But still BC marks the positive entrepreneurial effects on individual quality of life, which occur as a consequence of the new venture. A lifestyle entrepreneur normally hinders growth when he/she recognises that life quality is decreasing. A number of interesting observations can be made: 1. A critical phase of entrepreneurship is the time of the start-up. Research has shown that many individual barriers occur which can lower the quality of life (Shaver et al. , 2001; Weiermair and Peters, 1998b). F1A marks the most critical phase of individual failure because the entrepreneur experiences decreasing quality of life and increasing workloads; i. e. the profit/workload ratio is very low. Afterwards, the entrepreneur recognises PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 7(3). 2009 an increase of both profit and quality of life and is motivated to reach point D. 2. Lifestyle entrepreneurs usually stop entrepreneurial activities at the time they recognize they have reached the maximum level of personal quality of life (B). If, due to time lags, lack of control mechanisms or market exit barriers, growth is continuing, entrepreneurs still face positive, but decreasing life quality effects of growth (BC). 3. It still remains unclear which variables constitute individual quality of life. However, there is a set of quality of life variables (F2B) which is generated or enhanced by enterprise growth. It can be assumed that income, prestige, social reputation or similar variables fall into this category of life quality for entrepreneurs. 4. Lifestyle entrepreneurs do not trace the path BD. Only growth oriented or Schumpeterian entrepreneurs will follow profit maximisation. The basic individual quality of life may decrease in the phase of establishing a new business. Leisure time is sinking; family needs cannot be easily addressed. Personal worries or financial risks lower the individual quality of life, which is determined by other than entrepreneurial factors (e. g. health, expectations, social status, values, ISSN 1695-7121 400 The importance of lifestyle entrepreneurship etc. ). At later stages, harvesting the seeds of the new venture, life quality for entrepreneurs rise again and meet the profit curve at the point B, where the profit cannot be heightened without lowering personal quality of life. But still BC marks the positive entrepreneurial effects on individual quality of life, which occur as a consequence of the new venture. A lifestyle entrepreneur normally hinders growth when he/she recognises that life quality is decreasing. A number of interesting observations can be made: 1. A critical phase of entrepreneurship is the time of the start-up. Research has shown that many individual barriers occur which can lower the quality of life (Shaver et al. , 2001; Weiermair and Peters, 1998b). F1A marks the most critical phase of individual failure because the entrepreneur experiences decreasing quality of life and increasing workloads; i. e. the profit/workload ratio is very low. Afterwards, the entrepreneur recognises an increase of both profit and quality of life and is motivated to reach point D. 2. Lifestyle entrepreneurs usually stop entrepreneurial activities at the time they recognize they have reached the maximum level of personal quality of life (B). If, due to time lags, lack of control mechanisms or market exit barriers, growth is continuing, entrepreneurs still face positive, but decreasing life quality effects of growth (BC). 3. It still remains unclear which variables constitute individual quality of life. However, there is a set of quality of life variables (F2B) which is generated or enhanced by enterprise growth. It can be assumed that income, prestige, social reputation or similar variables fall into this category of life quality for entrepreneurs. 4. Lifestyle entrepreneurs do not trace the path BD. Only growth oriented or Schumpeterian entrepreneurs will follow profit maximisation. The contribution of lifestyle entrepreneurs Despite the fact that lifestyle entrepreneurs do not follow economic motives, their contribution to economic welfare and customer satisfaction should not be underestimated (Weiermair and Peters, 1998a). In fact observing the tourism and leisure lifestyle entrepreneurs can enable other indusPASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 7(3). 2009 tries to learn transferable lessons. There are numerous reasons that underline the importance of lifestyle tourism/leisure entrepreneurs. Lifestyle entrepreneurs often get involved in business because they are experienced consumers, who either make a profession out of their hobby or seek customer solutions in the respective leisure or tourism industry. As in their eyes markets do not provide optimal customer oriented solutions, they decide to do this on their own (Williams et al. , 1989). Thus, many lifestyle entrepreneurs can be seen as lead users who can be important sources of product/service innovations (Herstatt et al. , 2001). ‘Real’ entrepreneurs often develop fruitful co-operations with those nongrowth oriented entrepreneurs, who provide ideas or uncover customer problems but are not able or not willing to transform this capital into a growing enterprise. Lifestyle entrepreneurs are not willing to put more effort into growth and do not want to sacrifice quality of life to profit maximisation. But in several cases, through governmental support in terms of tax reduction or enterprise support, additional enterprise growth could be achieved. However, many governmental support systems necessitate a high growth motivation of small business entrepreneurs (Nilsson et al. , 2005). Thus, in most cases the financial support is allocated on the condition that enterprises commit to growth objectives, which in reality do not positively influence lifestyle entrepreneurs. Recognising the entrepreneurial realities and motivations as well as designing policy measures that address the quality of life balance is thus paramount for those incentives to be effective. Perhaps governments need to put their effort in developing networks at the destination level that enable entrepreneurs to share resources and achieve economies of scope, rather than drive for growth. Improving quality of life can motivate entrepreneurs further and assist them to develop their interest in business and competitiveness. Conclusion The aim of the paper was to explore the concept of lifestyle entrepreneurship, using tourism as one of the most relevant industries to demonstrate its relevance. The paper demonstrated the relationship of the ISSN 1695-7121 Mike Peters ; Joerg Frehse and Dimitrios Buhalis 401 activities of lifestyle entrepreneurs and their perception of individual life quality. In many tourism regions entrepreneurship is characterized by incremental innovation or relative low entrepreneurial intensity. Although lifestyle entrepreneurs do not force radical innovations, they often serve as typical lead-users who explore new leisure activities, become first-users and later on first movers in specific leisure industries. For example many people who run, diving or extreme sports centres are themselves involved in these activities and are keen to experience their hobby through their work. As human beings, consumers and producers change in terms of their value system, quality of time and leisure time maximization. Hence it is increasingly evident in the marketplace that the tourism industry attracts both classical Schumpeterian entrepreneurs as well as lifestyle entrepreneurs who operate according to the personal lifestyle. Instead of internal growth, with all its negative effects on the life quality, external rowth through cooperation, clustering and/or strategic alliances should be incentivised to motivate entrepreneurs to reach D instead of B as demonstrated in Figure 1. Policy makers therefore need to provide a comprehensive framework that would support these processes, rather than encourage internal growth. However, in phase F1A many lifestyle entrepreneurs reconsider their efforts and withdraw from the market because they experience a steady decrease of quality of life. Here motivational support measures should include the provision of business advice and resources, whilst successful benchmarks may help entrepreneurs to overcome this critical phase. Potentially the development of regional clusters which pool together resources from several small businesses, development agencies and governmental organisations can assist governments at the national and regional level to support lifestyle entrepreneurs and to develop their collective competitiveness at the destination level. There are several challenges for social sciences researchers. First it remains unclear how the quality of life for entrepreneurs can be measured as well as what is the basic individual life quality. Research in the field of entrepreneurs’ satisfaction with their profession is still missing but needed to assess individual life quality effects of new ventures. In the field of leisure and tourism co-operation and coopetition are extremely important, as only clusters and/or strategic alliances can support the production of the increasingly complex tourism services and products required by consumers. Entrepreneurs may also profit from inter-organisational knowhow transfer (Matlay, 2003) and the mechanics of such transfer need to be further explored. However the vast majority of the entrepreneurs are independent minded and have difficulty in participating in clusters or accepting external advice. This applies particularly to lifestyle entrepreneurs who are not profit motivated. Hence, an interesting research agenda is what measures and policies can support life quality for entrepreneurs and how cooperation and clustering can enhance the collective regional competitiveness. 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International Morrison, A. and Thomas, R. 1999 â€Å"The future of small firms in the hospitality industry†. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 12(4): 192-209. Morrison, A. and Rimmington, M. and Williams, C. 1998 Entrepreneurship in the Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Industries, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Morrison, A. J. and Baum. T. and Andrew, R. 001 â€Å"The lifestyle economics of small tourism businesses†. Journal of Travel and Tourism Research, 1(1-2): 16–25. Mugler, J. 1998 Betriebswirtschaftslehre der Kleinund Mittelbetriebe, Band I. Wien, New York: Springer, Nilsson, P. A. and Petersen, T and Wanhill, S 2005 â€Å"Public support for tourism SMEs in peripheral areas: The Arjeplog project, northern Sweden†. The Service Industries Journal, 25(4): 579 – 599. Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 11(4): 148-154. PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 7(3). 2009 ISSN 1695-7121 404 The importance of lifestyle entrepreneurship Oberparleiter, K. 1930 Funktionen- und Risikenlehre des Warenverkehrs, 1st edition. Berlin (2nd edition: Funktionen und Risiken des Warenhandels, Vienna 1955) Papandreou, A. 1952 â€Å"Some Basic Problems in the Theory of the Firm†, in: Haley, B. , A Survey of Contemporary Economics (pp. 183-222). Illinois: American Economic Association. Paraskevas, A. and Buhalis, D. 2002 â€Å"Information Communication Technologies decision-making: The ASP Outsourcing Model from the Small Hotel The Owner/Manager Perspective†. Peters, M. and Frehse, J. 2004 â€Å"The Importance of Lifestyle Entrepreneurship in the Tourism and Leisure Industry: Lessons from the Past and Implications for The Future†. 2nd Shaver, K. G. and Gartner, W. B. and Crosby, E. and Bakalarova, K. and Gatewood, E. J. 001 â€Å"Attributions About Entrepreneurship: A Framework and Process for Analyzing Reasons for Starting a Business†, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(2): 5-32. Shaw, G. and Williams, A. M. 1990 â€Å"Tourism economic development and the role of entrepreneurial activity†. In Cooper, C. P. (Ed. ), Progress in Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management (pp. 67-81). Vol. 2,. Bellhaven, London. Shaw, G. and Williams, A. M. 1998 â€Å"Entrepreneurship, small business culture and tourism development†. In Ioannides, D. and Debbage, K. G. (Eds. ), Cornell Hotel Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 43(2): 27-39. The Economic Geography of the Tourist (pp. 235-255). London: Industry Routledge. Shaw, G. and Williams, A. M. 003 â€Å"Entrepreneurial cultures and small business enterprises in tourism†, in Hall, M. and Lew, A. and Williams, A. (Eds. ), Blackwells companion to tourism geography, (pp. unknown). Oxford: Blackwell. Shaw, G. and Williams, A. M. 2004 â€Å"From Lifestyle Consumption to Lifestyle Production: Changing Patterns of Tourism Entrepreneurship†, in Thomas, R. (Ed. ), Small Firms in Tourism: International Perspectives, (pp. 99-113). Amsterdam:. Elsevier. Singh, J. , and Lumsden, C. 1990 â€Å"Theory and research in organizational ecology†. Annual Review of Sociology, 16: 161–195. Swedberg, R. 2000 Entrepreneurship: The social science view. New York: Oxford University Press. Szivas, E. 001 â€Å"Entrance into tourism entrepreneurship: A UK case study†, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(2): 163-172. Thomas, R. (Ed. ) 2004 Small Firms in Tourism. Amsterdam: Elsevier Thomas, R. 1998 The Management of Small Tourism and Hospitality Firms. London: Cassell. Bolzano, Italy. Peters, M. and Weiermair, K. 2001 â€Å"The Schumpeterian Entrepreneur and the Entrepreneurial Culture: Half a Century Later†. In Orati, V. and Dahiya, S. B. (Eds. ), Economic Theory in the Light of Schumpeter (pp. 301-314). Spellbound, Rotak. Peters, M. 2004 â€Å"Business Planning Behaviour in Tourism Family Enterprises†. The Poznan University of Economics Review, 4(1): 74-86. Sawyer, J. E. 1952 â€Å"Entrepreneurial Error and Economic Growth†. Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 4(1): 199-204. Schneider, D. 2001 â€Å"Der Unternehmer-eine Leerstelle in der Theorie der Unternehmung? † Zeitschrift fur Betriebswirtschaft, 2001(1). (Special edition): 1-8. Schmitz, J. A. 1989 â€Å"Imitation, Entrepreneurship, and Long-Run Growth†. The Journal of Political Economy, 97(3): 721-739. Schumpeter, J. A. (1934) The Theory of Economic Development. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 7(3). 2009 International Conference ‘Leisure Futures 2004, 10. -11. November, ISSN 1695-7121 Mike Peters ; Joerg Frehse and Dimitrios Buhalis 405 Thomas, R. 2000 â€Å"Small firms in the tourism industry: some conceptual issues†. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2(5): 345 – 353. Timmons, J. A. 1994 New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill. Tschurtschenthaler, P. 1996) â€Å"Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung des Tourismus†, in Weiermair, K. and Peters, M. and Schipflinger, M. (Eds. ), AlInnsbruck: Studia. Weber, M. 1935 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Scribner. Weiermair, K. and Peters, M. 1998a â€Å"Entrepreneurial Small- and Medium Sized Tourism Enterprises†, in Chon, K. S. (Ed. ), Tourism and Hotel Industry in pine Tourism: Sustainability- Reconsidered and Redesigned, (pp. 54-79). Hilton College. Weiermair, K. and Peters, M. 998b â€Å" The internationalization behaviour of service enterprises†. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 2(2): 1-14. Weiermair, K. 2001 â€Å"The Growth of Tourism Enterprises†. Tourism Review, 56(3/4): 17-25. Williams, A. M. and Shaw, G. and Greenwood, J. 1989 à ¢â‚¬Å"From tourist to tourism entrepreneur, from consumption to production: Evidence from Cornwall, England†. 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Analysis Of The Play Death Of A Salesman - 1041 Words

Research paper for â€Å"Death of a Salesman† In the play â€Å"death of a salesman† by author miller, the dramatist focuses on the theme of â€Å"the American dream†. Lowman, a botched salesman, is the protagonist of the play. Willy is certain that society only has room for winners. In support of this, the play’s theme demonstrates how a victim of â€Å"the American dream† can be destroyed by fabricated promises that will impact not only â€Å"business life but will conflict with personal relationships as well† (Elwell 1).The significance of this theme is still very relevant to many societies today. Therefore, Miller based his play off on his life through the way he suffered and conquered, on his family conflicts, and dreams of success. An insight into miller’s background will afford a variety of his life and accomplishments. Miller was the second child of Isidore and Augusta Miller. â€Å"Arthur Asher Miller was born 17 October 1915 in Manhattan† (clifnotes1). Both of miller’s parents were Jewish immigrants from Poland. Miller’s father, Isidoer, did his greatest to achieve the American dream and possessed a clothing company. â€Å"In October 1929, just a few weeks after Arthur s fourteenth birthday, the stock market crashed† (Thou 1). Having capitalized nearly all his money in the market, the miller’s family had lost their wealth. Furthermore, â€Å"He (miller) graduated from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1932† (Matur 310). After graduating from high school, Miller worked in a warehouse while attending nightShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Play Death Of A Salesman 954 Words   |  4 Pages Darrian Dowden AP English IV Death of a Salesman Written Assignment Death of a Salesman Character Analysis 1.Willy Loman. Although the main protagonist of the play, Willy Loman does not come to a certain self-realization. Searching and sifting through his memories (which cannot be completely taken as the truth as he reinvents them in a way to make them out as a golden era) he fails to recognize his slanted reality he’s lived in made up of his delusions. His forged relationship withRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Death Of A Salesman Essay1739 Words   |  7 PagesTheatrical writing is no exception. In the play Death of a Salesman the protagonist is not necessarily the main character. The protagonist in this play is the main character’s son Biff. However, in the play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof it is harder to determine if the protagonist is Brick or Maggie, but I believe Brick is the main protagonist. In the play Dutchman it is quite the opposite and the protagonist, Clay, is very clearly emphasized. These three plays and their respective protagonists are all goodRead MoreAnalysis Of The Pl ay Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1612 Words   |  7 Pages Selling More Than Just Merchandise The play, Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller explores topics that are parallel to the lives of the common man. This makes his play relevant during many different eras, as the central issues discussed correlate with struggles of everyday common people, no matter at what point in history the play is shown. This makes his play very versatile in nature as it can be shown throughout the decades. His play can be considered a classic story; one that cannot be forgottenRead MoreWilly from Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller: Abandoned and Flawed798 Words   |  4 Pages The dramatic play Death of a Salesman, composed by Arthur Miller in 1949 portrays the hours leading up to Willy Loman’s death. Willy is a sixty-year-old salesman living in Brooklyn New York with his wife Linda and after thirty-five years working as a traveling salesman he feels defeated by his lack of success and difficult family life. As a salesman, Willy Loman focuses more on personality and being well liked by everyone than actual skills. When he returns early from a business trip it is apparentRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman Tragedy Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesDeath of a Salesman is a tragic play written in 1949 by Arthur Miller. The story is about a salesman who lost his identity after having an affair with another woman and can’t seem to accept the changes in his life since the event. The story has been performed in theaters and shown on film for many years. Lee Siegel, a writer for The Nation explains the role of Death of a Salesman in the entertainment industry: Every ten years or so, Death of a Salesman is revived, and every ten years we get theRead MoreComparing Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson 1403 Words   |  6 PagesFences written by August Wilson and Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller are two plays that could be considered very different in terms of their plot. The plots of both plays contain two very different cultural backgrounds which affects each protagonist differently. If the reader or audience looks past the plot into the theme and symbolisms used they can see that the plays are more similar than they are different. In spite of the different cultural backgrounds of each protagonist they bothRead More Death of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the Common Man1046 Words   |  5 PagesDeath of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the Common Man In Tragedy and the Common Man, Arthur Miller discusses his definition and criteria for tragedy as they apply to the common man. The criteria and standards proposed by Miller may be used to evaluate his timeless work, Death of A Salesman. The first major standard of tragedy set forth is:   â€Å"...if the exaltation of tragic action were truly a property of the high-bred character alone, it is inconceivable thatRead MoreWilly Loman, the Modern Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1739 Words   |  7 Pagesheroes, otherwise known as the protagonists, illustrated by tragic Greek playwrights, were never normal people. All heroes were citizens of high class, such as princes. This was due in part because plays were seen as a luxury for refined citizens. Aristocratic citizens did not want to pay to watch plays about the peasants of society. They wanted to relate to the characters; therefore, all heroes of Greek tragedy were elite members of society. An additional distinguishing factor of the Greek heroesRead MoreThemes Of Death Of A Salesman1286 Words   |  6 PagesA Blanketed Illusion Death of a Salesman is a tragicomedy centered on the events that take place at the end of Willy Loman’s life. From the opening act, we learn that Willy and his family struggle to behave as a united front when they face financial pressures and strained familial bonds. This causes Willy to become desperate for success and validation. Death of a Salesman has commonly been interpreted as an analysis of the American dream. Within the ideal American society, citizens believe that theRead MoreEssay about The American Dream in Death of a Salesman1371 Words   |  6 PagesArthur Miller’s ‘Death of a Salesman’ is an examination of American life and consumerism. It relates the story of a common man who portrays this lifestyle. Other issues explored in the play include: materialism, procrastination and alienation. The play was set in 1948, in a time where The American Dream was highly regarded, despite the Depression. The American Dream was a belief that emerged in th e later half of the nineteenth century, that if you work hard you will achieve success and prosperity

Stages Of Liberalism And Federalism - 1833 Words

Political Science 155 Essay Question There are various stages to both liberalism and federalism. Liberalism is an ideology that stresses the rights individuals have and is the most prominent belief system in the United States. Dr. Guevara explains in her first lecture that the liberalism ideology has four stages, each underscoring the common concerns and agendas of their times. First is Classical Liberalism, most known for being heavily influenced by thinkers of the Enlightenment such as John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The founding fathers, concerned with their civil liberties, posed the question of â€Å"How do you frame a government that will protect your life, liberty and property?† which they answered with: limited†¦show more content†¦Federalism has been around for nearly as long as liberalism, existing in two main, functioning forms. Federalism is the division of people’s sovereignty between different levels of government. Federalism in the United States has existed as either dual or cooperative, both defining the different levels of involvement between the levels of government. Dual Federalism, as defined by Scott F. Abernathy in American Government: Stories of a Nation, â€Å"[divides] the people’s sovereignty between the nation and the states – they [are] coequals in power, each able to check the power and growth of the other.† This model of federalism was the first used by the U.S. and was seen to be heavily connected with Classical Liberalism due to the nation’s original, disconnected roots, which would come to change during the New Deal Liberalism period. On the contrary side, cooperative federalism is a system in which â€Å"both levels work together in the same areas of public policy.† (Abernathy) Rather than working separately yet equally, the national and state governments both use the powers they have in order to work towards a common goal, typically seen in times o f crisis as states can’t handle the situations on their own and reach out and work with the national government in order to heal. My thesis is that liberalism and federalism overlap whenever one part of government attemptsShow MoreRelatedAmerican Government Study Guide.1562 Words   |  7 Pagesconcerns, power in the Congress is widely dispersed. The second most powerful person in Washington, D.C. (after the president) is often said to be the speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. According to Theodore Lowis theory of interest-group liberalism, the effect of groups on policy constitutes a partial and wrongful abdication by government of its authority over policy, results in a system of rule by minorities rather than by a majority, results in an inefficient use of societys resources. Read MoreUsa And Texas Political Culture1766 Words   |  8 PagesUSA and Texas political culture can be described fully by understanding in detail of classical liberalism, social conservatism and populism. Classical liberalism allow an individual to use primary social value of liberty in the political culture that extent until liberties of the others disturbed. Classical liberal ideas often form the basis for opposition to the use of government to attain social and personal objectives. They stress reliance on private the free market to determine the best outcomesRead MoreImpact of the World Trade Organizations on Democratic Politics2915 Words   |  12 Pagesenhances or detracts from societies democratic politics. This will be brought out by emphasizing on the neo-liberalism approach that will help analyze the effects of World Trade Organization on the democratic politics within the society. It will discuss different perspectives that have occurred over the issue and part of it will take a comprehensive side regarding the issue. To start with, neo-liberalism entails varying forms and objectives where it’s most ambitious part involves trying to effect a transitionRead MorePluralism and Public Choice2968 Words   |  12 Pagesbecome a Federation, while a more unified body of people might produce a unitary system of government that centralises power in one body (US Department of State 2006). Particularly common when several independent states are geographically joined, Federalism is a way of organising a nation so that regional sovereign states retain their identity within the greater national system. Effectively two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same area and the populace are citizens of bothRead MoreBritain’s Support for Widening but NOT Deepening the European Union2076 Words   |  9 PagesFinally, I argue that the neoliberal position, which has often been in contradiction to the exceptionalist discourse, has led to a compromise, an intergovernmental Europe that supports expansion as a vehicle for the spread of economic and political Liberalism, particularly eastward, into the former Soviet states. One of the central themes of the EU debate revolves around the issue of national sovereignty. 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Previously researchers have focused on different aspects of politicalRead MoreEssay on The French Revolution6694 Words   |  27 Pages even royalst , forces to stay inpower - They therefore, accused them of supporting couter-revolution - As neither side had the majority in the Assembly each needed to have the support of the Plain - They too were bourgeois, blieved in economic liberalism and were deeply afraid of the popular movement - At first supported the Girondins, who provided most of the ministers and dominated mnost of the Assemblys committees SEPTEMBER MASSACRES - August the situation of the French armies on the fronttierRead More The Government Struggle to Combat Identity Theft Essay4278 Words   |  18 PagesWhereas computers and technology have helped thieves gain an extra edge, the government attacked the problem from a traditional point of view. As the forefather of identity theft legislation, The Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act set the stage for forthcoming proposals. Yet it also symbolized many of the problems that would afflict future legislative initiatives. III. Enforcement: Where Are the Tools? Understandably, Congress still relies on law enforcement to undercut identity theftRead MoreNationalism and Transnationalism in the Context of the European Union28567 Words   |  115 Pages‘nation’ is possible to emerge or not. Then, it is essential to define the aspects which the paper will explore. 1.1. Defining Nation The history of nation formation is not a closed chapter in world history. Every nation has had different stages and moments of coming to self-awareness and manifesting their national personality. Looking at the world today and its history one could distinguish the ‘old’ nations from the relatively ‘young’ ones. The theses of the origins of nations and theirRead MorePrinciples of Microeconomics Fifth Canadian Edition20085 Words   |  81 Pagesand Applications 412 Income Inequality around the World 438 The Poverty Rate 439 Problems in Measuring Inequality 440 Economic Mobility 442 IN THE NEWS: Child Poverty 443 The Political Philosophy of Redistributing Income 444 Utilitarianism 444 Liberalism 445 Libertarianism 446 Policies to Reduce Poverty 447 Minimum-Wage Laws 448 Welfare 448 Negative Income Tax 449 In-Kind Transfers 449 Employment Insurance 450 IN THE NEWS: EI and Work Incentives Conclusion 452 Summary 453 Key Concepts 453 Questions

Essay on Compulsive Hoarding and Dr. Randy Frost - 803 Words

Hoarding is defined as the acquirement of, and inability to discard worthless items even though they appear to have no value. Hoarding behaviors can occur in a variety of psychiatric disorders and in the normal population, but are most commonly found in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Those people who report compulsive hoarding as their primary type of OCD, who experience significant distress or functional impairment from their hoarding, and who also have symptoms of indecisiveness, procrastination, and avoidance, are classified as having compulsive hoarding syndrome (www.ocfoundation.com). An estimated 700,000 to 1.4 million people in the United States are thought to have compulsive hoarding syndrome. Compulsive hoarding is†¦show more content†¦They diagnose the compulsive hoarding syndrome according to three criterions. First, the accumulation of useless possessions and failure to discard them can be a sign of the disorder. Compulsive hoarders have an obsessive need to accumulate and save many objects, and also have a tremendous anxiety about throwing them away. This is because of a supposed need for the objects and their value or an unnecessary emotional attachment to them. If they have any doubt at all about the value of an object, compulsive hoarders will keep it, â€Å"just in case† (www.rd.com). A Second criterion, according to Dr. Randy Frost, is living spaces of the person are so cluttered that the rooms cannot be used for their original design. For example, one cannot use the toilet because items are stored in it. Obviously, with lots of items coming into the home and very few going out, the clutter will accumulate. It does not take long for the clutter to start spreading onto the floors, counter tops, hallways, stairwells, even to the garage. Beds become so cluttered that there is no room to sleep. Kitchen counters become so cluttered that food cannot be prepared. For many hoarders, it gets to a point where there might be only a narrow pathway that connects each room, and the rest of the house is piled several feet high with clutter. This clutter can not only be a hindrance, but can also be very dangerous. The dust, mildew, mold, and rat droppings commonly found in extreme clutter can irritateShow MoreRelatedHoarding Is a Real Disorder Suffered by Real People Essay2403 Words   |  10 PagesMany people know the television shows, Hoarding: Buried Alive, on TLC or Hoarders on AE. These reality TV shows feature hoarders and their families. The crews of the shows follow the hoarder for a few days to study how hoarding affects their daily lives. A professional organizer and a therapist are taken through the house to see what the hoarder collects. The houses are disgusting; many times, there are rodents, cockroaches, stacks of paper and garbage everywhere. The audience is shown interviewsRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pages978-1-59385-375-4 (paperback) 1. Cognitive therapy. 2. Obsessive–compulsive disorder. I. Title. RC489.C63C57 2004 616.85†²2270651—dc22 2003020283 To my parents, Albert and Ardith, for their support and encouragement About the Author About the Author David A. Clark, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Canada. He received his PhD from the Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, England. Dr. Clark has published numerous articles on cognitive theory